ARTICULAR

AND
BODY MOVEMENT

By: Anon, Bell, Medkao, Nancy

 3 Functional Categories of Joints

Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses

(Immovable joints) (Partially moveable joints) (Freely moveable joints)
Called as SYNOVIAL joint
Bone to Bone union cartilage between 2 bones Held together by fibrous
Fixed joints = no slightly movable joints CT
movement allow movement while still EX. shoulder, fingers,
Joined by fibrous tissue providing projection ribs,knee, etc.
Edges are dovetailed into
one another

Fibrous
- Connected by dense,
tough connective tissue
that is rich in collagen
fibers
- Fixed or immovable joints
are typically interlocked
with irregular edges
3 Structural Categories of Joints
Cartilaginous
- Connected by
fibrocartilage or hyaline
cartilage.
- Allow more movement
than fibrous joints but less
than that of synovial joints
Synovial (Diarthroses)
- The most common and
movable joint type
- Have a synovial cavity
- Bones are connected by
dense irregular connective
tissue that forms an
articular capsule
surrounding the bones
articulating surfaces.
Types of Synovial Joints
 Synovial Joints

Non-axial Biaxial Uni-axial Multiaxial

movement: movement: movement: Movement:
No axes of movement; Movement occurs One axes about Movement occurs
only translational no around 2 where the movement around more than 2
rotational; one perpendicular axes. happens one plane of axes
dimension. movement.

Saddle Joint Pivot Joint Ball and socket

Plane Joint Joint
Pictures from
http://slideplayer.com/slide/34
Condyloid Joint Hinge Joint 33277/
 Definition of origin and insertion of
muscles

origin- the attachment of a

muscle tendon to a stationary bone

insertion- the attachment of a

muscle tendon to a movable bone
Body Movements

At the start of the movement

Knees:flexed
Elbow: 90 deg flexed
ankle: plantarflexed (point away)
Hip: flexed
Followthrough:
Knees, hips, elbows: extended
wrist: flexed
ankle: plantar flexed
 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
R HIP
LDE JO
IN T
H OU
S Has a large Has a greater
range of motion degree of stabilization
Enarthrodial
Is not a weight (ball and socket joints) Is a weight
bearing joint and Articular cartilage (ends bearing joint and has
has more mobility lesser mobility
of bones)
Glenoid cavity:
shape: articular
scapula and head of
surface
humerus
Attached to Attached to
axial skeleton by axial skeleton by
the pelvic girdle pectoral girdle
Encloses large
Encloses
head and neck of
anatomical neck
femur
 Knee Structure

Knee is the most complicated and largest joint in our body.

It is made up of four main things: bones, cartilage, ligaments, and
tendons.
Bones: Three bones meet to form your knee joint - thighbone
(femur), shinbone (tibia), and kneecap (patella).
Tendons: Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. The
quadriceps tendon connects the muscles in the front of your
thigh to your patella. Stretching from your patella to your
shinbone is the patellar tendon.
 Knee Structure (Continue)

Articular cartilage: The ends of the femur and tibia, and

the back of the patella are covered with articular
cartilage. This slippery substance helps your knee bones
glide smoothly across each other as you bend or
straighten your leg.
Meniscus: Two wedge-shaped pieces of meniscal
cartilage act as "shock absorbers" between your femur
and tibia. Different from articular cartilage, the
meniscus is tough and rubbery to help cushion and
stabilize the joint. When people talk about torn
cartilage in the knee, they are usually referring to torn
meniscus.
 Knee Structure (Continue)

Ligaments. Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments.

The four main ligaments in your knee act like strong ropes to
hold the bones together and keep your knee stable.
Collateral Ligaments. These are found on the sides of
your knee. The medial collateral ligament is on the
inside of your knee, and the lateral collateral ligament is
on the outside. They control the sideways motion of your
knee and brace it against unusual movement.
Cruciate ligaments. These are found inside your knee
joint. They cross each other to form an "X" with the
anterior cruciate ligament in front and the posterior
cruciate ligament in back. The cruciate ligaments
control the back and forth motion of your knee.
 Knee Function

The knee joint bears most of the weight of

the body.
The Quadriceps Mechanism is made up of
the patella (kneecap), patellar tendon, and
the quadriceps muscles (thigh) on the front
of the upper leg. The patella fits into the
patellofemoral groove on the front of the
femur and acts like a fulcrum to give the leg
its power. The patella slides up and down
the groove as the knee bends. When the
quadriceps muscles contract they cause the
knee to straighten. When they relax, the
knee bends.
 Temporomandibular joint Structure

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is formed by the

articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of
the cranium. It is located anteriorly to the tragus of the
ear, on the lateral aspect of the face.
The main components are the joint capsule, articular
disc, mandibular condyles, articular surface of the
temporal bone, temporomandibular ligament,
stylomandibular ligament, sphenomandibular ligament,
and lateral pterygoid muscle.
 Temporomandibular joint Function

The inferior compartment allows for rotation of

the condylar head around an instantaneous axis
of rotation, corresponding to the first 20mm or
so of the opening of the mouth. After the mouth
is open to this extent, the mouth can no longer
open without the superior compartment of the
temporomandibular joints becoming active.
Non-Axial Joints

No axes about
which the
movement can
happen, they only
slide or slip.
Irregular or sliding
movement.