WEEK 4

Objectives:
Students will be able to:
Identify complex sentences.
Revise subordinating conjunctions
for complex sentences.
Develop supporting sentences
bearing in mind order of ideas
Identify concluding sentences.
 Before you learn about complex sentences,
here are some important terms:
1. A clause is a group of words containing a subject
and a verb.
Clause

Independent Dependent
Usain Bolt won the race. Although he had injured his heel

Subordinating
conjunction
 Components of a Complex Sentence
One dependent clause + an independent clause

Although he had injured his heel, Usain Bolt won the race.
dependent clause independent clause

Complex sentences can have

more than two clauses:

Although women have played organized football for over a century,

their salaries are not very high because their games are rarely

televised.
 Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinate means secondary

so

subordinating conjunctions are words that introduce

secondary ideas.
 Subordinating conjunctions
CAUSE or CONDITION CONTRAST PLACE TIME
REASON or RESULT
as as long as although where after
because even if even though wherever before
since if if once
so that provided that though since
only if whereas until
so that unless when/
whenever
unless while

Exercise 2: Choose two categories

and write a complex sentence per
each.
 Subordinating conjunctions
Exercise 2: In each sentence, draw a square around the
subordinating conjunction, and then underline the
dependent clause.
Even if we cannot know for sure, early humans probably played games
g
and sports.
1.When
g humans shifted from being good gatherers and hunters, sports
probably developed in complexity.
2.It must have been important to practice cooperative hunting before
g
humans attacked mammoths or other large creatures.
3.Early groups of humans may have practiced war games so that
g they
could win battles with other tribes.
4.Spectator sports evolved wheng societies had more leisure time.
5.In many places, spectators watched whileg young boys passed
through their initiation rituals.
 Punctuating subordinating conjunctions
Read each sentence and determine where the comma
should be placed.

Even though he is afraid of heights,Malcolm tried skydiving.

Malcolm tried skydiving even though he is afraid of heights.

RULE: If you use a subordinator at the beginning of a

sentence, put a comma after the dependent clause. Generally,
if you use a subordinator in the middle of the sentence, you
do not need to use a comma.
 Subordinating conjunctions
Exercise 3: Underline the subordinating conjunction in each
sentence, Then add the missing commas.

,
1. Even though they may get arrested many people try base jumping.

,
Wherever there are tall structures there may also be base jumpers.
The jumpers wear parachutes and dive off buildings and bridges so
that they can feel an adrenaline rush. Because the parachute can get

,
tangled on the structure base jumping is an extremely risky sport.
2. Free divers hold their breath until they are as deep as possible

,
underwater. In order to break existing records some free divers have

,
dived almost 4000 feet. If their brains lack oxygen they have to be
resuscitated.
 Paragraph Development
After you have chosen a topic and
written a topic sentence, you develop
your main ideas by adding more
information to explain what you mean.
We will describe three common ways to
develop a paragraph:
Giving details.
Giving an explanation.
Giving an example.
Underline the topic sentence and list the details used to support it.
a. state-of-the-art exercise equipment.

b. Large, air-conditioned rooms.

c. Work out alone or with trainers.

d. Staff nutrition experts.

e. Aerobics, swimming, and kickboxing classes.

f. Whirlpool bath and sauna.

 An explanation tells the reader what something
means or how something works. Underline the
topic sentence.

The writer is trying to explain the meaning

What is the writer trying to explain? of the saying a stitch in time saves nine
 An example is a specific person, place, thing or event that supports
an idea or statement. This paragraph includes an example from the
writers own experience. Underline the topic sentence.

Why do you think the writer

The writer has had a personal experience that
chose to use an examples to
illustrated the topic sentence; it was also funny and
develop the paragraph?
interesting.
Would you develop each of these topics with
DETAILS, an EXPLANATION, or an EXAMPLE? More
than one answer is possible.
What means of support would these paragraphs include?

Explanation, example

Details, example.

details

Example, details

Details, explanation
There are many ways that you can highlight your best
ideas.

You can circle the best supporting points and then use arrows
to link them with secondary ideas.

You can also use highlighter pens or asterisks (*) to identify

the best supporting points.
Ex: College student Mahan Zahir narrowed his topic and brainstormed
a list of supporting ideas. Then he grouped ideas together and crossed
out two items. How would you group these ideas?
Topic sentence: People steal for many reasons

- need money for food

- want luxury tems
- for thrills
- addiction
- for drugs
- minimum wage not enough to buy groceries
- alcohol-related crimes
- unemployment
- want to consume
- lack of moral code
- think they deserve something for nothing
- too lazy
- adrenaline rush
Topic sentence: People steal for many reasons.

Support 1: Poverty is a primary motivation for people to steal.

Details: - some people are unemployed
- others work at low-paying jobs
- need money for food, rent, clothing

Support 2: Some criminals are greedy

Details: - want to live a life of luxury
- crave jewels and nice cars
- wish for a larger yacht or faster jet

Support 3: Some people steal due to drug or alcohol addictions

Details: - addicts steal to buy drugs
- alcohol ruins good judgment

Support 4: Some people steal for the kicks

Details: - experience the thrill
- receive an adrenaline rush when stealing
Exercise 4: Answer the following question.

Having a summer job teaches teenagers some valuable

life lessons, because it will help them navigate the adult
world. Do you agree?

Prepare a plan for your supporting ideas

, details).
(two supporting ideas plus
Work together with a partner.
 Transitions
Giving Examples Examples
I have been to many countries. For
for example example, I have been to Russia, Canada,
for instance Mexico, and Spain.
specifically He often eats strange foods. For instance,
in particular he once ate cow brains.
The first (second, I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places
another, etc.) with old cathedrals.
example/reason is I love fruit. In particular, I like bananas,
... pineapple, and berries.
My friend hates skiing for several reasons.
The first reason is that she dislikes being
cold. Another reason is that she often falls.
Words that show
CAUSE (explain
why)
Midnight was not able to move around well because
his hind legs were in casts. He broke them when he fell
off the bookshelf.
because
because Did you see the tragic accident on I-85 south? It was
of
caused by a drunk driver.

Because it is raining today, the homecoming game and

the food booths will be cancelled.
caused
by
I was late to work because of the heavy traffic.
 The final sentence of a paragraph is called the concluding
sentence. It sums up the main points of restates the main idea in
a different way.

A sentence that sums up the paragraph reminds the reader of

what the writers main idea and supporting points were.

A sentence that restates the main idea should give the same
information in a slightly different way, perhaps by using different
words or by using different word order.

A concluding sentence should not introduce a new point.

Read the following paragraphs and determine the means of support and
whether or not a concluding sentence has been included.

A worthwhile place to visit is the Indianapolis Motor

Speedway. Built in 1909, it is home to the greatest
spectacle in racing: The Indianapolis 500 Indy
Races. The stadium showcases the best in
automotive design. In addition to the Indy car races,
there are Brickyard 400 NASCAR races, Grand Prix
events, and GP moto-race events. Races can be
expensive; a more wallet-friendly alternative is to
attend qualifying time trials or even take a tour and
visit the museum on the grounds during the non-
Details
race times of the year. Visiting the Indianapolis
Motor Speedway provides fun for the whole family.
Even simple study habits can improve your marks.
At university I learned how important it is to get
enough sleep. When you are well-rested, it is easier
to learn. Research shows that when people do not
get enough sleep, their memories are not as
effective. If students are really tired, they might
even fall asleep in class! It is easy to see how
Example
getting enough sleep can improve your performance
at university.
My favorite subject is psychology. I enjoy learning
about the ways people think and behave. I am also
interested in learning about the way childrens
minds develop.

details