Storage Type

YPrimary Storage

YSecondary Storage
Primary Storage
YRead Only Memory ( ROM )
YRandom Access Memory ( RAM )
à

à
 
   The values stored in ROM are always there,
whether the power is on or not. A ROM can be removed from
the PC, stored for an indefinite period of time, and then
replaced, and the data it contains will still be there. fro this
reason, it is called „ „
   
.

  The fact that ROM cannot easily be modified

provides a measure of security against accidental changes to
its contents. You are not going to find viruses infecting true
ROMs.
ROM
YProgrammable ROM ( PROM )
Jt can be written but only once, This is similar to the way a CD-
ROM recorder works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks
once and then letting you read from them many times.

YErasable Programmable ROM ( EPROM )

An 3
 is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed.

YElectrically Erasable Programmable ROM

33
 can be erased under software control. This is the most
flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BJOS
programs.
Random Access Memory ( RAM )
The kind of memory used for holding programs and data being
executed is called ë
  ë
 à


There are two types of RAM

YStatic RAM ( SRAM )

YDynamic RAM ( DRAM )

àà
Static RAM is a type of RAM that áolds its data witáout external
refresá for as long as power is supplied to táe circuit.
Cost: Several times more expensive táan DRAM.

Size: SRAMs take up mucá more space táan DRAMs.

Simplicity: SRAMs don't require external refresá circuitry or

otáer work in order for táem to keep táeir data intact.

Speed: SRAM is faster táan DRAM.

ë MB of SRAM would be prohibitively large and costly, which is
why DRAM is used for system memory
a
àaà
Dynamic RAM is a type of RAM that only holds its data if it is
continuously accessed by special logic called a ë ë
ë .
Many hundreds of times each second, this circuitry reads the
contents of each memory cell, whether the memory cell is being
used at that time by the computer or not.
Jf this is not done regularly, then the aà  
  
 ,
even if it continues to have power supplied to it. This refreshing
action is why the memory is called 
.
 




YPauncá Card
YMagnetic Tap
YFloppy Disk

YCompact Disk ( CD )
YHard Disk
^àa a

J TRODUCTJO :-
º All of your programs
and data are stored in
it.
º It is very fast,reliable
then other devices with
very large capacity.
 ˜

 

 
Ñ Capacity:
^ard disk capacity & an accelerating rate increase. From 0
MB in 1981, we are now well over 10 r in 000 and will
probably hit 100 GB within a year for consumer drives.
Ñ Spindle Speed:
‰ 00 RPM spindles are now standard on mainstream
IDE/ATA drives. A 15,000 RPM SCSI drive was
announced by Seagate in early 000.
Ñ RAJD:
unce the province of only high-end servers, the use of
multiple disk arrays to improve performance and reliability.
 

 
 ^
a 



  
º platters, coated on both sides with a special media material for
storing information.platters are stacked onto a spindle. The platters
rotate at high speed, driven by spindle motor. heads are mounted for
reading & writing. The sliders are mounted onto arms, all are in a
single assembly by a device called an actuator. A logic board controls
the activity of the other components and communicates with the rest
of the PC.
º Each surface of platter can hold tens of billions of individual bits of
data. Each platter has two heads
º The main part of the disk is isolated from outside air to ensure that no
contaminants get onto the platters, which could cause damage to the
read/write heads.
 ˜a à
º CD-RuM drives play a significant role in the following essential
aspects of your computer system:
º Software Support: The number one reason why a PC today basically
must have a CD-RuM drive is the large number of software titles that
are only available on CD-RuM. At one time there were a few titles
that came on CD-RuM, and they generally came on floppy disks as
well. Today, not having a CD-RuM means losing out on a large
segment of the PC software market. Also, some CD-RuMs require a
drive that meets certain minimum performance requirements.
Ñ Performance: It usually isn't as important as the performance of the
hard drive or system components such as the processor or system
memory, but it is still important, depending on what you use the drive
for. ubviously, the more you use the CD-RuM, the more essential it
is that it perform well.
 ˜à˜
˜a
º Compact disks start as round wafers made from a
polycarbonate substrate, measuring 1 0 mm (about 4.‰5
inches) in diameter and about 1. mm in thickness, which
is less than 1/ 0th of an inch.
º the entire disk is coated with a thin layer of aluminum and
then another thin layer of plastic. Then, the printed label is
applied to the disk.
a

 

a 

º Magnetic disks record data using tiny magnetic fields, and the flux
reversals that are detected by the read head as the disk moves from
one type of field to another.
º The disk starts out totally flat. At each data-holding position on the
disk, the CD is either left flat called "lands" or is imprinted with a
"pit", which is burned by a laser into the CD master.As the disk spins,
the laser traverses from lands to pits, many thousands per second.
When the laser hits a land, it reflects cleanly off the aluminum
coating, but when it hits a pit much of the light is diffused. The
photodetector in the read head senses the difference and this is how it
knows if the bit was a one or a zero.
º The entire CD is one very long, tightly-packed spiral.


º Floppy disk has very low capacity of holding data still it used widely.
º The floppy disk's current role is in these area:
Ñ Data Transfer:
With the use of compression utilities, even moderate-sized files can be
shoehorned onto a floppy disk . The PC ë.5" floppy is such a standard.
Ñ Small File Storage and Backup:
The floppy disk is still used for storing and backing up small amounts
of data.
Ñ Software Jnstallation and Driver Updates:
Many new pieces of hardware still use floppies for distributing driver
software and the like, and some software still uses floppies.
Construction and Operation of floppy:-
floppy:-
º The read/write heads on the floppy disk are used to convert binary
data to electromagnetic pulses, when writing to the disk, or the
reverse, when reading.
º Track density in floppy disk is very low compared to harddisk.
º floppy disks still use the old ferrite style of head
º This head is an iron core with wire wrapped around it to form a
controllable electromagnet . The floppy drive, however, is a contact
recording technology.
º It is possible due to its low rotating speed.so no wareout of media.
º floppy disk system more sensitive to dirt-induced errors, cause by the
media getting scratched or pitted. For this reason, floppy disks are
much less reliable, overall, than hard disks.