BIOFUEL

WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

Biofuels are fossil fuel substitutes that can be made from
a range of agricultural crops and other sources of
biomass.
Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from organic
matter in a short period of time is considered as biofuel.
DIFFERENCE OF BIOFUEL FROM BIOGAS AND BIOMASS

BIOMASS BIOFUEL BIOGAS

(source of biofuel) (type of biofuel)
COMMON TYPES OF BIOFUELS

BIOFUEL

BIOGAS BIOETHANOL

BIOMETHANOL BIODIESEL
 COMMON TYPES OF BIOFUELS

BIOFUEL

BIOGAS

typically refers to a mixture of

different gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in
the absence of oxygen
COMMON TYPES OF BIOFUELS

BIOFUEL

an alternative fuel for internal combustion and other

engines, either in combination with gasoline or
BIOMETHANOL directly
may be produced by gasification of organic materials
to synthesis gas followed by conventional methanol
synthesis
COMMON TYPES OF BIOFUELS

BIOFUEL

an alternative fuel similar to

conventional fossil diesel
BIODIESEL can be produced from straight
vegetable oil, animal fats, tallow,
and waste cooking oil
COMMON TYPES OF BIOFUELS

BIOFUEL

BIOETHANOL

ethanol produced by
fermentation, mostly from
carbohydrates produced in
sugar cane or corn, used
as an alternative to
gasoline
CLASSIFICATIONS OF BIOFUELS

FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS

(CONVENTIONAL BIOFUELS) (ADVANCED BIOFUELS)

made from sugar, produced from

starch, animal fats and sustainable feedstock
vegetable oil

Cellulosic ethanol
Ethanol Algae fuel
Biodiesel Biomethanol
Biogas Biohydrogen diesel
Wood diesel
SUGAR CANE AS BIOFUEL

MILLING FERMENTATION DISTILLATION DEHYDRATION

alcohol
SUGAR separation conversion of
sugars into
separation
of alcohol rectification
CANE
of juice and
alcohol and stillage production ETHANOL
bagasse
production of production of ethanol
ethanol at 8- of hydrated at 99.7%
10% m/m ethanol at m/m (min.)
95% m/m
CORN AS BIOFUEL
Rice as
Biofuel
TransesterificationandEsterificati
on
Processes used in production of bio fuels

Esterification is the process of process of producing ester.

Transesterification is the process of transforming an ester

into another form of ester.
Rice Bran for Production of
Biofuel
Rice bran is a byproduct
obtained during milling to
produce polished rice.

Considered as waste.
Bioethanol from Rice Straw
The vegetative part
of the rice plant, cut
at harvest or after

Commonly burned or
used as feeds
Biodiesel
Is an ester based fuel derived from natural and renewable biological sources
like vegetable oil. (e.g. Mustard Oil)

Used in CI engines like diesel.

Biodegradable, non- toxic and free of sulfur and aromatics.

Biodiesel Cycle
 EMERGING
FEEDSTOCKS

Jatropha Curcas
 EMERGING
FEEDSTOCKS

Jatropha Curcas
 Grows as a tree that produces fruit
with oil-bearing fruit.
EMERGING
FEEDSTOCKS Not eaten by animals and is a
vigorous, drought and pest resistant
plant.
Low cost and high yielding

Jatropha Seeds contain 27-40% oil (average:

34.4%)

Curcas

Grown in many places
Methyl ester from jatropha oil meet
the standards for biodiesel.
 EMERGING Requires low water
FEEDSTOCKS Requires less fertilizer
Not browsed by cattle
Pest resistant
Easy propagation
Jatropha High seed yield

Curcas High protein manure

Jatropha Process

Basic Process for Oil

Extraction
Jatropha Process
Jatropha Process:
Transesterification
Jatropha Process
Challenges in handling Jatropha

Jatropha oil is hygroscopic.

Theoil needs to be kept in storage conditions
that prevent undue degradation.
Jatropha is high in acid.
Other Emerging Feedstocks

Castor (Ricinus communis) Lesquerella

Other Emerging Feedstocks

Castor (Ricinus communis) Lesquerella

48% of seed is oil
High uniformity and consistency as
a natural material
90% Hydroxy fatty acids
Allergens not present in oil
High yielding, as as 350-650 kg
oil/hectare
24% of seed is oil
Requires moderate rainfall and can
withstand long periods of drought 60% Hydroxy fatty acids
Uncomplicated crop that requires Gum with high value produced
little attention with oil
Advantages of Biofuels

The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of petroleum

diesel.
Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels, resulting in fewer
emissions of greenhouse gases, particulate emissions, and
substances that cause acid rain such as sulfur.
Biodiesel is sulfur free.
Biodiesel has fewer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which
have been linked to cancer.
Additionally, biofuels are biodegradable, so if the do spill, less
harm is done compared to when fossil fuels spill.
Disadvantages of Biofuels

Poorly made biofuel can cause engine problems -

cause nitrogen oxide emission.
Transportation and storage requires special
managements - cause increase in total cost.
Biodiesel is less suitable for use in low-temperatures
than petro-diesel.
Slightly more expensive to produce (production cost
high on large scale).
Main Concerns

Some countries have limited water

sources (cultivation).
Asuitable climate is needed to grow
most crops.
Cropsgrown for biodiesel use land for
food crops.