Teknologi

Teknologi
Elektrik
Elektrik
(BBT
(BBT 3623)
3623)
Bab 3:
Bab 1:
Sistem Tiga
Litar
Fasa
Elektrik
At the end of this chapter you should
be able to:
Describe a single-phase supply
Describe a three-phase supply
Understand a star connection, and recognise that IL =Ip and VL = 3Vp
Draw a complete phasor diagram for a balanced, star connected load
Understand a delta connection, and recognise that VL =Vp and IL =3Ip
Draw a phasor diagram for a balanced, delta connected load
Calculate power in three-phase systems using P=3 VLIL cos
Appreciate how power is measured in a three-phase system, by the one
two and three-wattmeter methods
Compare star and delta connections
Appreciate the advantages of three-phase systems
3.1 Introduction
Generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity via the National Grid system is
accomplished by three phase alternating currents.
Thevoltage induced by a single coil when rotated in a
uniform magnetic field is shown in Figure and is
known as a single-phase voltage.
3.1 Introduction
Most consumers are fed by means of a single-phase a.c. supply.
Two wires are used, one called the live conductor (usually
coloured red) and the other is called the neutral conductor
(usually coloured black).
The neutral is usually connected via protective gear to earth, the
earth wire being coloured green.
The standard voltage for a single phase a.c. supply is 240V.
The majority of single-phase supplies are obtained by
connection to a three-phase supply
3.2 Three-Phase Supply
A three-phase supply is generated when three
coils are placed 120 apart and the whole
rotated in a uniform magnetic field
3.2 Three-Phase Supply
The convention adopted to identify each of the phase voltages
is: R-red,Y-yellow, and B-blue,.
The phase-sequence is given by the sequence in which the
conductors pass the point initially taken by the red conductor.
The national standard phase sequence is R,Y, B.
3.3 Three Phase Connection
If the three-phase windings are kept independent
then six wires are needed to connect a supply
source (such as a generator) to a load (such as
motor).
To reduce the number of wires it is usual to
interconnect the three phases.
There are two ways in which this can be done, these
being:
i. a star connection
ii. a delta connection
3.3 Three Phase Connection
Star connection (3 phase - 3 Wires)
3.3 Three Phase Connection
Star connection (3 phase - 4 Wires)
3.3 Three Phase Connection
Delta connection
3.4 Star Connection

VR, VY and VB are called phase voltages or line to neutral

voltages. ( generally denoted by VP).
VRY, VYB and VBR are called line voltages
3.4 Star Connection

IR, IY and IB line current (denoted by IL)=

Phase current denoted by IP
For a star connection IL=IP
3.4 Star Connection
For a balanced system
3.4 Star Connection

V =VR VY
RY

V =VR +(VY))
RY

By trigonometry, or by measurement,
3.4 Star Connection
Thestar connection of the three phases of a
supply, together with a neutral conductor,
allows the use of two voltages the phase
voltage and the line voltage.
A 4-wiresystem is also used when the load is
not balanced. The standard electricity supply to
consumers in Malaysia is 415/240V, 50 Hz, 3-
phase, 4-wire alternating current
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection

VRY=415V
(i) Draw VR =VY =VB =240V and spaced
VR=240V 120 apart
15
30 (ii) Power factor= cos =0.966 lagging phase
IR=5A angle is given by cos1(0.966)=15
IR =IY =IB =5A, lagging VR, VY and VB
respectively by 15.
IB=5A VYB=415V
(iii) VRY =VR VY
VB=240V IY=5A
VY=240V VYB =VY VB
VBR =VB VR

VBR=415V
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection
3.5 Delta Connection

V , VYB and VBR phase voltages

RY

For delta connection VP=VL

3.5 Delta Connection

IR =IRY IBR =IRY +(IBR)

3.5 Delta Connection

IR =IRY IBR =IRY +(IBR)

By trigonometri @ measurement
3.5 Delta Connection
3.5 Delta Connection

1
3.5 Delta Connection
3.5 Delta Connection
3.5 Delta Connection

Thus when the load is connected in delta,

three times the line current is taken
from the supply than is taken if connected in
star.
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
The power dissipated in a three-phase load is given by
the sum of the power dissipated in each phase
If a load is balanced then the total power P is given by:
P=3power consumed by one phase.
The power consumed in one phase= I 2 R or
p p
VpIp cos
(where is the phase angle between Vp and Ip).
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
For a star connection,
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
For a delta connection,
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
Hence for either a star or a delta balanced connection
the total power P is given by:

Total volt-amperes
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems
3.6 Power in three-phase
systems

Hence loads connected in delta dissipate

three times the power than when connected
in star, and also take a line current three
times greater
3.7 Measurement of power in
three-phase systems

(i) One-wattmeter method for a balanced load

3.7 Measurement of power in
three-phase systems
(ii) Two-wattmeter method for balanced or unbalanced
loads
3.7 Measurement of power in
three-phase systems
(iii) Three-wattmeter method for a three-phase, 4-
wire system for balanced and unbalanced loads
SEKIAN
TERIMA
KASIH