Introduction to Laplace

Transforms

Osman Parlaktuna
Osmangazi University
Eskisehir, TURKEY
Introduction

Laplace transform:
important method of representing circuits
and signals
used to analyze circuits with complicated
signals
To analyze circuits using Laplace transform:
change signals from time-domain to
frequency domain
analyze circuits in frequency domain
convert signals in frequency-domain back
to time domain
More general than phasor method

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 Definition of the Laplace
Transform
One-sided Laplace transform of a time function f(t) is
defined as

F ( s ) L f (t ) f (t )e st dt
0

Some functions may not have Laplace

transforms but we do not use them in circuit
analysis.
F(s) is a one sided transform (starts
from t=0).
Choose 0- as the lower limit (to capture
discontinuity in f(t) due to an event such as
closing a switch).

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The Step Function

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 Laplace Transform of the Step
Function

L u (t ) u (t )e dt e st dt
st
0 0

1 st 1
- e
s 0 s

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The Impulse Function

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The sifting property:

f (t ) (t a )dt f (a )

The impulse function is a derivative of the step function:

du (t ) t
(t )
dt
( x)dx u (t )

The Laplace transform of the impulse

function:
L (t a) (t a)e st dt e as
0

For a 0, L (t ) 1

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Operational Transforms
1) Multiplication by a constant
If L f (t ) F ( s ) then L Kf (t ) KF ( s )

2) Addition (subtraction)
If L f1 (t ) F1 ( s ), L f 2 (t ) F2 ( s ), L f 3 (t ) F3 ( s )
then L f1 (t ) f 2 (t ) f 3 (t ) F1 ( s ) F2 ( s )-F3 ( s )
3) Differentiation
df (t ) d 2 f (t )
s F ( s ) sf (0 ) f (0 )

sF ( s ) f (0 ),
2
L L 2
dt dt
d n f (t )
L n s n
F ( s ) s n 1
f ( 0
) s n2
f ( 0
) sf ( n2)
( 0
) f ( n 1)
( 0
)
dt
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 0
F (s)
t
4) Integration L f ( x)dx
s

5) Translation in the Time Domain

L f (t a )u (t a ) e as F ( s ), a 0
6) Translation in the Frequency Domain

Le at f (t ) F ( s a)

7) Scale Changing
1 s
L f (at ) F , a 0
a a

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 Laplace Transform of Cos and
Sine

L cos tu (t ) cos tu (t )e dt cos te st dt
st
0 0

e jt e jt st 1
e dt [ e ( s j ) t dt e ( s j )t dt ]
0 2 2 0 0

1 1 1 1
e ( s j ) t e ( s j ) t
2 s j 0
2 s j 0

1 1 1 1 s
2
2 s j 2 s j s 2

L sin tu (t )
s2 2

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Inverse Laplace Transform

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 Partial Fraction Expansion
Step1: Expand F(s) as a sum of partial fractions.
Step 2: Compute the expansion constants (four cases)
Step 3: Write the inverse transform

s6 Denominator has four roots: s=0 and

s ( s 3)( s 1) 2 s=-3 are distinct. s=-1 is a multiple
root of multiplicity 2.
s6 K1 K 2 K3 K4

s ( s 3)( s 1) 2 s s 3 ( s 1) 2 s 1
1 s6
L 2
s ( s 3)( s 1)

K1 K 2 e 3t K 3te t K 4 e t u (t )

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Distinct Real Roots
96( s 5)( s 12) K1 K 2 K
F (s) 3
s ( s 8)( s 6) s s 8 s 6
96( s 5)( s 12) 96(5)(12)
K1 sF ( s ) s 0 s 120
s ( s 8)( s 6) s 0 8(6)
96( s 5)( s 12) 96( 3)(4)
K 2 ( s 8) F ( s ) s 8 ( s 8) 72
s ( s 8)( s 6) s 8 8(2)
96( s 5)( s 12) 96(1)(6)
K 3 ( s 6) F ( s ) s 6 ( s 6) 48
s ( s 8)( s 6) s 6 6(2)
120 48 72
F (s)
s s 6 s 8
f (t ) (120 48e 6t 72e 8t )u (t )

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Distinct Complex Roots
100( s 3) 100( s 3)
F (s)
( s 6)( s 2 6 s 25) ( s 6)( s 3 j 4)( s 3 j 4)
K K2 K3
1
s 6 s 3 j4 s 3 j4
100( s 3) 100(3)
K1 12
s 2 6 s 25 s 6 25
100( s 3) 100( j 4)
K2
( s 6)( s 3 j 4) s 3 j 4 (3 j 4)( j8)
0
6 j8 10e j 53.13
100( s 3) 100( j 4)
K3
( s 6)( s 3 j 4) s 3 j 4 (3 j 4)( j8)
0
6 j8 10e j 53.13
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 12 10 53.130 10 53.130
F ( s)
s6 s 3 j4 s 3 j4
0 0
f (t ) (12e 6t 10e j 53.13 e ( 3 j 4 )t 10e j 53.13 e ( 3 j 4 ) t )u (t )
0 0
10e j 53.13 e (3 j 4 )t 10e j 53.13 e (3 j 4 ) t
0 0
10e 3t (e j ( 4t 53.13 ) e j ( 4t 53.13 ) )
20e 3t cos(4t 53.130 )
f (t ) [12e 6t 20e 3t cos(4t 53.130 )]u (t )

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 Whenever F(s) contains distinct complex roots at the
denominator as (s+-j)(s++j), a pair of terms of the
form
K K* appears in the partial fraction.

s j s j
Where K is a complex number in polar form K=|K|
eand
j
=|K| 0the complex conjugate of K.
K* is
The inverse Laplace transform of the complex-conjugate
pair is 1 K K*
L
s j s j
2 K e t cos( t )

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Repeated Real Roots
100( s 25) K1 K2 K3 K4
F ( s)
s ( s 5) 3 s ( s 5)3 ( s 5) 2 s 5
100( s 25) 100(25)
K1 20
( s 5) s 0
3
125
100( s 25) 100(20)
K2 400
s s 5 5

K3
d
ds

( s 5) 3 F ( s ) s 5 100
s ( s 25)
s2 100
s 5

K4
1 d2
2 ds 2
( s
5) 3
F ( s )
s 5
1
2
100
2 s (25)
s 4
20
s 5

20 400 100 20
F ( s)
s ( s 5) 3 ( s 5) 2 s 5
f (t ) [20 200t 2 e 5t 100te 5t 20e 5t ]u (t )
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Repeated Complex Roots
768 768
F (s)
( s 2 6 s 25) 2 ( s 3 j 4) 2 ( s 3 j 4) 2
K1 K1* K2 K 2*

( s 3 j 4) ( s 3 j 4) ( s 3 j 4) ( s 3 j 4)
2 2

768 768
K1 12
( s 3 j 4) 2 s 3 j 4
( j8) 2

d 768 2(768)
K2
ds ( s 3 j 4) 2 s 3 j 4
( s 3 j 4) 3 s 3 j 4

2(768)
j 3 3 - 90 0

( j8)3

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 12 12
F ( s) 2
( s 3 j 4) 2
( s 3 j 4 )
3 - 900 3 900

s 3 j4 s 3 j4
f (t ) [24te 3t cos 4t 6e 3t cos(4t 900 )]u (t )

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 Improper Transfer Functions
An improper transfer function can always be
expanded into a polynomial plus a proper transfer
function. 4
s 13s 66s 200 s 300
3 2
F ( s)
s 2 9s 20
30 s 100
s 2 4 s 10 2
s 9s 20
20 50
s 4 s 10
2

s4 s5
d 2 (t ) d (t )
f (t ) 2
4 10 (t ) ( 20 e 4t
50 e 5t
)u (t )
dt dt

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 POLES AND ZEROS OF F(s)
The rational function F(s) may be
expressed as the ratio of two factored
polynomialsK ( s as
z1 )( s z 2 ) ( s z n )
F ( s)
( s p1 )( s p2 ) ( s pm )
The roots of the denominator polynomial p1,
-p2, ..., -pm are called the poles of F(s). At
these values of s, F(s) becomes infinitely
large. The roots of the numerator polynomial
-z1, -z2, ..., -zn are called the zeros of F(s). At
these values of s, F(s) becomes zero.
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 10( s 5)( s 3 j 4)( s 3 j 4)
F ( s)
s ( s 10)( s 6 j8)( s 6 j8)

The poles of F(s) are

at
0, -10, -6+j8, and 6-
j8.
The zeros of F(s)
num=conv([1
are at 5, -3+j4,
5],[1 6-3-j4
25]);
den=conv([1 10 0],[1 12
100]);
pzmap(num,den)

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 Initial-Value Theorem
The initial-value theorem enables us to determine
the value of f(t) at t=0 from F(s). This theorem
assumes that f(t) contains no impulse functions
and poles of F(s), except for a first-order pole at
the origin, lie in the left half of the s plane.
lim f (t ) lim sF ( s )
t 0 s

100( s 3)
F ( s)
( s 6)( s 2 6 s 25)
f (t ) [12e 6t 20e 3t cos(4t 53.130 )]u (t )

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 Final-Value Theorem
The final-value theorem enables us to determine the
behavior of f(t) at infinity using F(s).
lim f (t ) lim sF ( s )
t s 0

The final-value theorem is useful only if f() exists. This

condition is true only if all the poles of F(s), except for a
simple pole at the origin, lie in the left half of the s plane.

100( s 3)
lim F ( s ) lim s 0
s 0 s 0 ( s 6)( s 2 6 s 25)

lim f (t ) lim[12e 6t 20e 3t cos(4t 53.130 )]u (t ) 0

t t

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