CHEMICAL

UNIT 9 REACTIONS &

STOICHIOMETRY
CHEMICAL REACTION
A process in which one or more substances is
changed into one or more new substances.

Chemical equation
A shorthand notation to describe a chemical
reaction.
It is a symbolic representation of a chemical
reaction that shows:
reactants on left side of reaction
products on right side of equation
relative amounts of each using
stoichiometric coefficients
Consider a chemical equation below:

Law of Conservation of Matter

There is no detectable change in quantity of
matter in an ordinary chemical reaction.
Balanced chemical equations must always
include the same number of each kind of atom
on both sides of the equation.
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
1. Write the correct formula(s) of the
reactant(s) and product(s) in the equation.

Example:
Hydrochloric acid reacts with barium
hydroxide to yield barium chloride and water.

HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + H2O

BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
2. Change the coefficients to make the
number of atoms of each element the
same on both sides of the equation.
Note: Do not change the subscripts.

Example:
2HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + 2H2O
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
The number of atoms of each type of
element must be the same on both sides of
a balanced equation.
Subscripts must not be changed to
balance an equation.
A balanced equation tells us the ratio of
the number of molecules which react and
are produced in a chemical reaction.
Coefficients can be fractions, although
they are usually given as lowest integer
multiples.
EXERCISE
Write the balanced chemical equation for
the ff:
Propane,C 3H8, burns in oxygen to give
carbon dioxide and water.
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
NH3 burns in oxygen to form NO & water.
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
Potassium carbonate reacts with calcium
chloride to yield potassium chloride and
calcium carbonate precipitate.
K2CO3 + CaCl2 2 KCl +
CaCO
STOICHIOMETRY
A study on the quantitative relationship
between reactant(s) and product(s)

MOLE CONCEPT
The approach for determining the amount of
reactant consumed / product formed in a
reaction.
STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into
moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to
calculate the number of moles of the sought
quantity
EXERCISE
Consider the following reaction:
P4(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5
If 6.25 g of phosphorus is burned, what mass
of oxygen does it combine with?

Methanol burns in air according to the

equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O

If 209 g of methanol are used up in the

combustion,
what mass of water is produced?
LIMITING REACTANT
The reactant that is consumed first and
therefore limits the amounts of products
that can be formed.

Determine which reactant is limiting to

calculate correctly the amounts of
products that will be formed.
EXERCISE
In a process, 124g Al are reacted with
601g Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

What is the maximum mass of sulfur

dioxide that can be produced by the
reactionCS
of 95.6 g of carbon disulfide with
2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2
110. g of oxygen?
REACTION YIELD
Theoretical yield is calculated by assuming
that the reaction goes to completion.
Determined from the limiting reactant
calculation.
Actual yield is the amount of a specified
pure product made in a given reaction.
In the laboratory, this is the amount of product
that is formed in your beaker, after it is purified
and dried.
Percent yield indicates how much of the
product is obtained Actual
from Yield
a reaction.
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
EXERCISE
Hydrogen fluoride, used in the manufacture of
Freons, is prepared by the reaction:
CaF2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HF
In one process, 6.00kg CaF2 are treated with an
excess H2SO4 and yield 2.86kg HF. Calculate the
percent yield of HF.

Consider the following reaction:

P4(s) + 6F2(g) 4PF3(g)
What mass of P4 is needed to produce 85.0 g of PF3
if the reaction has a 64.9% yield?
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
Propane (C3H8) burns in oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide gas and water vapor.
Calculate the number of liters carbon
dioxide measured at STP that could be
produced from 7.45g propane.

A volume of 5.6L H2 gas measured at STP

is reacted with an excess Cl2 gas.
Calculate the mass in grams HCl produced.
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)