BIOLOGY FORM 5

CHAPTER 1

1.7 & 1.8

Transport in
Learning
Objectives
State the structures of
xylem and phloem &
relate to their functions

Identify positions of
xylem and phloem in a
dicot leaf, stem and root
 Transport of
substances
How blood
gets
transported in
our body?

How water,
food and
minerals gets
transported in
Plants?
Imagine
What transports water from the roots to
the furthest leaf?

Did You Know

- That?!
Average of 60 meters in
height
- A rainforest tree uses
~1200 L of water/day

What do plants
rely on?
The bottle tree plant,
Baobab that live 500 years and store up 300 litre of water.

BBC Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9V9bVEDSV
s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2iFl6lvj4c
Xylem Describe what you see in the
picture
Continuous long, hollow
tube

Dead, without
Drawi

Microscope
Under the

protoplasm or cross-
ng

walls

Walls are deposited with

lignin, which is a hard
and rigid substance
 Xylem

In flowering plants, the transport tissue consists of

the xylem and the phloem.
Xylem
Function

Transports
&
Water Minerals
Xylem
Mechanical support

Ligni Walls are strengthened

n
with lignin, which is a
hard and rigid
substance
Phloem
Describe what you see in the
picture
Phloem
It is a living structure

Made up of sieve
tubes and companion
cells (Sucros
e)
Transport food
manufactured in the
leaves to other parts of
the plant by
Phloem
Food is either
transported or
diffused through the
cytoplasm of the sieve
tube cells.

Each sieve tube has a

companion cell
beside it to:
keep it alive
 Phloem
Function: Adaptations:
Transport Companion cells
manufactured have lots of
food from the mitochondria
leaves to which provides the
other parts of energy needed by
the plants. the sieve tube cells
for respiration.

Holes in the sieve

plates allow
transport of
manufactured food
substances through
the sieve tubes.
transportinplantstransportinplantstransportinplantstransportinplantstransportinplantstransportinplantstransportinplant
stransportinplantstransportinplantstransportin
Translocation (Phloem)
How do we know that the phloem
transport manufactured food??
translocationSTUDIES (pure)
The plant is grown in the
environment containing
Isotopes
radioactive carbon dioxide
14
CO2.

When photosynthesis takes

place, the sugar formed will
contain radioactive carbon.

The cut stem section when

exposed onto an X-ray
photographic film will turn
cloudy.

This shows that the

translocationSTUDIES (pure)
Aphids are parasites that
feed on plants.
Aphids
Mouthparts (proboscis) of
aphids penetrate the leaf
or stem during feeding.

When the body of the

aphid is cut off, leaving
behind the proboscis in the
plant tissues, the liquid will
exude from the cut end of
the proboscis.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7eRGH
Vx3p0
The liquid is found to
contain sucrose and
translocationSTUDIES (pure)

1. Removing a ring of Ringing

bark from a woody experiment
branch will result in the
removal of the phloem A
B

tissue in that region.

Swelling will be
observed in the region region with bark
removed

above the ring.

2. The swelling above

the ring where the
phloem is removed will
be caused by an
 QUESTION
Translocation studies can be carried out using aphids. The
diagram below shows a section of a plant stem where the
proboscis of a feeding aphid may be found.

In which tissue would the proboscis most likely be inserted

into?
A

C
B
D
Vascular Bundle
Xylem vessel Phloem vessels
Vascular Bundle

Found in the Leaf

Stem

Root
Magnification:
Vascular Bundle of a Sunflower root
Vascular bundle
Roo
t
Xylem

Phloem
Magnification:
100X
Vascular Bundle of a Sunflower Stem

Phloe
m

Xyle
m
Vascular bundle
Ste
m
vascularBUNDLE(pure)

PHLOEM

CAMBIUM

XYLEM

The xylem and the phloem group together

to form a vascular bundle (literally a
bundle of vessels).
Vascular bundle
Lea
Xylem
f

Phloem
 Transport in
Plants

Phloe
Xylem
m
Manufactur
Mechani Sieve
Wate ed food
cal tube
r (Sucrose)
Support
Miner Lignifie Compani
al Salt d on cell
Walls
Uptake of Water

w ?
Ho
?
Uptake of Water by the Roots
Movement of Water molecules
Osmosis is the net movement of water
molecules from a solution of higher water
potential to a solution of lower water
potential through a selectively permeable
membrane
waterTRANSPORT
Root Hair Cell
 Root Hair Cell
Structure & Function
Adaptation Function
Root hair cell has Increase surface area to
long & narrow volume ratio for faster rate of
protrusions absorption of water and
mineral salts
Cell surface Maintain low water potential of
membrane prevents cell for osmosis
leaking of cell sap
Living cell Provides energy from cellular
respiration for absorption of
mineral salts by active
transport
 Please
Consider the
following
Uptake of water by Root Hair Cells

Xylem
 How is water
transported
y from the xylem
M ion in the roots to
ic t the leaves?
ed
Pr
In plants

Plants only use

about 5 to
10% of the
water they
uptake
for plant
growth and
cellular use
 Eg. If a huge tree
takes in 1200L of
water a day and only
uses 10%...
Where did the other
90% went to?
 Water is loss to the environment
mostly through the?....
es
av
Le
Let take a look at the cross
section of a leaf
 A large
percentage
of water
that is
absorbed is
lost by
evaporatio
n through
the
This process
of water
vapour
being lost
mainly
through the
stomata is
known as
transpira
 How does
transpiration
help to bring
water in the
roots to the
leaves?
Properties of waterOH
H

Cohesive.Attracts to one another

Adhesive.Attracts to other
substances
 In the stem, water
moves up the xylem
primarily via
transpiration pull
This creates
a suction
force which
pulls water
up the
xylem
This suction force
vessels
due to transpiration
is known as
transpiration pull
 Purpose of
Transpiration

Cools the
leaves

Transport
water &
minerals from
the roots to the
Learning
Objectives
Explain the factors
affecting the rate of
transpiration
 Factors Affecting Rate of
Transpiration
Temperature

Humidity

Wind

Light

water supply
5 Factors that affect
Transpiration
1. Wind speed
Increases Increases
transpiration rate
2. Humidity
Increases Decreases
transpiration rate
3. Light intensity
Increases Increases
transpiration rate
4. Temperature
Increases Increases
transpiration rate
5. Water supply
Decreases Decreases
Measuring Rate
of Transpiration
Experiment set-up to measure the rate of
transpiration
(1)
In set-up (1), the loss of water by
evaporation is avoided by adding a layer
of oil on the surface of the water.
Water is lost through the leaves of the
plant and will result in the mass of the
test tube decreasing.
Rate of transpiration = Loss in mass (g)
(g/h) Time taken (h)
(2)
Set-up (2), known as potometer.
The suction force generated by
transpiration will cause the air bubble in
the graduated capillary tube to move to
the left to indicate volume of water
absorbed to replace water loss.
Rate of transpiration = Loss in volume (cm3)
(cm3/h) Time taken (h)
Distan
ce
moved
Wilting
 Wilting
Excessive transpiration
causes a plant to wilt.

Wilting occurs when a

plant loses more water
through the leaves, than
it absorbs through the
roots.
 Turgor pressure in Wilting
the mesophyll cells in
the leaf helps to support
the leaf and keep the
leaf firm and widely
spread out to absorb
sunlight for
photosynthesis.

In strong sunlight,
excess transpiration
causes cells to lose
 Wilting
Excessive Transpiration

Guard cells
become flaccid

Stomata close

* Rate of photosynthesis
decrease
 Wilting-
Advantage

Less surface area exposed to

sunlight

Guard cells flaccid Stomata

closes
 Wilting-
Disadvantage

Guard cells become flaccid

Stomata closes

Carbon Dioxide intake is reduced

Rate of Photosynthesis decreases