Axiomatic Design of Flexible Manu

facturing Systems

Presented by:
Shivam Sharma (14IM10022)
Sita Ram Saini (14IM10024)
 1 Introduction

2 Axiomatic Design

Design of Flexible Manufacturing

CONTENTS 3 System
Application of Intelligent System f
4 or FMS Design

5 Conclusion

2
 INTRODUCTION
Axiomatic Design (AD) : What and Why

Axiomatic Design is a design theory that was created and

popularized by Professor N. P. Suh of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) (Suh 1990, 2000).
ADis a systemsdesignmethodology to analyze the
transformation of customer needs into functional requiremen
designparameters, and process variables.
he design process consists of Axiomatic Design
Step 1: Establishment of design goals to satisfy a given set of perceived needs.
Step 2: Conceptualization of design solutions.
Step 3: Analysis of the proposed solution.
Step 4: Selection of the best design from among those proposed.
Step 5: Implementation. 3
 Definitions
Axiom: An axiom is a self-evident truth or fundamental truth for whi
ch there is no counter examples or exceptions. It cannot be derived fr
om other laws of nature or principles.

Functional Requirement (FR): Functional requirements

(FRs) are a minimum set of independent requirements that completely
characterize the functional needs of the product (or software, organiza
tions, systems, etc.) in the functional domain. By definition, each FR is
independent of every other FR at the time the FRs are established.

4
Definitions - contd
Design Parameter (DP):
Design parameters (DPs) are the key physical (or other equivalent terms in the c
ase of software design, etc.) variables in the physical domain that characterize t
he design that satisfies the specified FRs.

Process Variable (PV):

Process variables (PVs) are the key variables (or other equivalent term in the cas
e of software design, etc.) in the process domain that characterizes the process
that can generate the specified DPs.
Customer Requirements (CR):
Particular characteristics and specifications of goods or services as determined
by a customer.

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 Axioms in Axiomatic Design (AD)

1. The Independence Axiom

Maintain the independence of the functional requirements
(FRs)

2. The Information Axiom

Minimize the information content of the design.

Or in other words, Axiom1 distinguishes between good and bad design, or

acceptable and unacceptable design.

Axiom 2 is the criterion for the selection of the optimum design solutions 6
Flexible Manufacturing System
What and Why
Flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a fully integrated manufacturing syste
m consisting of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines, connected
by an automated material handling system, all under the control of a central c
omputer.

The design of the FMS is a complex decision making process that typically inv
olves the planning of capacities, balancing of operations, transport analysis, st
orage planning and the like.

The design of an FMS is concerned with obtaining good performance measure

s such as the optimal number of machines/resources, material handling transp
orters, number of operators, and so on. 7
Design Axiom
The design process then involves choosing the right set of DPs to
satisfy the given FRs, which may be expressed as

FR = A*DP
A = Design Matric
FR = Functional Requirement
DP = Design Parameter
The information content is defined in terms of the probability of s
uccessfully achieving FRs. Information is defined as

= or

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 Design of Flexible Manufacturing Systems
Design procedure

The FMS design process can be divided into the following phases:

Specification of operations (SO): Definition of overall manufacturin

g operations to be performed by the FMS. This defines the intended proce
ss flow.

Definition of functional requirements (FRs): The description of ov

erall machine functions required to perform the manufacturing process. It
states the detailed FRs at the individual FMS components level, such as m
achining type, accuracy, power requirements and the like.

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Axiomatic design of FMS
After application of Axiom 1 the design matrix [A] is formed, i.e. each FR from
functional space is associated with one or more DPs in physical space that can satis
fy
the FR concerned.

Functional Requirement Design Parameter

FR1 = Easy Machining DP1 = Machine Name
FR2 = More Accuracy DP2 = Accuracy of Machine
FR3 = Less Surface roughness DP3 = Type of Tool
FR4 = Large Volume DP4 = Maximum Part Volume

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Methodology for calculation of information content for F
MS

At the machining station level the information content is th

e sum of the following partial information contents:
(1) Information content for geometrical accuracy
(2) Information content for surface quality
(3) Information content for production capacity
(4) Information content for production costs.

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 Contd

Informationcontent for System Range

geometrical accuracy: Design Range(L)

Probability density
Where
L : Dimension of some part of
machine
Accuracy of machine will be
a1 a2 Dimension
between a2 to a1 System Design
L
So system range will be equal to a2 - a1 .

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Contd content for surface qual
Information
ity

In this case the designer specifies a maximal

allowed surface roughness Rmax (as shown in the figure).
The lower limit of the design range is taken to be 0. Common Range
The minimal and maximal Design Range
roughnesses achievable by the
machine are a1 and a2 respectively.

Probability
density
Surface
System Range
a1 a2roughness
e1 13
Information content for production capacity

Calculation of the information content for production capacity is based on the re

quired capacity (design range) and the available capacity (system range).
The number of parts to be machined on a machine and the machining time for t
he parts define the required capacity.
The available capacity is defined by the number of machines of the same type a
nd the efficiency of the machines.

N =
Where :
N = No of machines required to perform an operation
T = Part processing time
P = production rate per machine
D = Duration of the operation of the machine (in hours) = Efficiency of th
e machine

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Contd
Equations for the calculation of Design Range (DR) and System Range (SR)

DRmax = Tmax P,
DRmin = Tmin P,
SRul = N D 60, (Lower limit = 0)

In accordance with above formulas, equations for the calculation of the inform
ation
content for production capacity:

(when < )

(when )

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ts
The system range limits for production costs are calculated by:

Cmax = Tmax Cph

Cmin = Tmin Cph

Where

Cmax = Maximum production cost

Cmin = Minimum production cost
Tmax = Maximum estimated part machining time
Tmin = Minimum estimated part machining times
Cph = Machine cost per hour
Np = No. of parts

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 Contd
The Design range upper limit is estimated by :

Cdmax =
The information content may be written as

The total amount of information for the FMS design is expressed by

= +++
Where :
Cdmax = Design range upper limit (Lower limit = 0) = Maximal
average production cost = Minimal average production co
st

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 Application of intelligent system for FMS design

The established concept of the intelligent system for FMS design was not fully explained.
So for better understanding lets take a new detailed example.
The example deals with selecting machines for cell manufacturing of the bolt shown in figure
(a).

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 Example Contd
Figure (b) shows surface groups to be machined (i.e. the machining
sequence) with the required accuracy, surface roughness and estimated
machining times.

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Data for candidate machines

Machine Machine Max Best surface Efficienc Labour &

ID type precisio roughness y depreciati
n (mm) (m) on rate
($/hr.)
1 Cylindrical 0.0025 0.5 0.65 80
grinding
2 Vertical milling 0.04 1.2 0.60 60
3 Horizontal 0.04 1.4 0.60 55
milling
4 Lathe 0.02 4.0 0.70 60
5 High precision 0.01 2.0 0.75 75
lathe

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Design ranges for each surface group of a bolt

Surface roughness
(m)
Surface Tolerance
group (m) Lower Upper
1 0.2 0 6.3
2 0.2 0 6.3
3 0.02 0 0.8
4 0.2 0 1.6
The upper limit for the dimensional accuracy of a machine is assumed to
be twice the tolerance specified by designer 2 L . For the surface roughne
ss the upper limit is estimated as five times the lower limit (i.e. the best valu
e).
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Partial and total information content for candidate mach
ines

Candidat
Surface
e Iacc IR Icap Ic I
group
machines
4 4.977 0 4.87 0.062 5.857*
1
5 0.963 0 4.97 3.22 9.153
4 4.977 0 5.97 0.061 6.956*
2
5 0.963 0 6.07 3.22 10.253
1 0.907 0 5.13 3.83 9.867
3 4 - - -
5 0.584 2.41 5.49 0 8.484*
2 0.848 0 6.07 0.156 7.074
4
3 0.848 0 6.07 0 6.918*

* : The minimum information among candidate machines

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 Conclusion

Axiomatic design study provided a scientific way of identifying syste

m output response for the effective design parameter.
The conceptual design and the effectiveness of parameter design c
an be improved through the proper identification of system output r
esponse
Hence, the gap between the conceptual design and the parameter
design can be minimized.

Therefore, the methodology of design response structural analysis bridg

e the gap between the conceptual design and design parameter.

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