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Chemical Bonding
Electronegativity the tendency of an atom
to attract electrons from a neighbouring
atom.
Electronegativity decreases as you move down each column.
A Li Atom An F Atom
-
+
Li F
A Li+ Ion
An F- Ion
F Be F
- -
2+
F Be F
A Be2+ Ion
An F- Ion An F- Ion
The melting points of some Ionic
Compounds are as follows:
NaF 993 oC
KCl 770 oC
LiCl 605 oC
These high melting points are
experimental evidence that Ionic Bonds
are VERY STRONG. (Hard to break just
by heating).
When Electronegativities of bonding atoms
are the same (as they are in diatomic
molecules) or close to the same, they
SHARE electrons.
Bonds formed when atoms share electrons
are called Covalent Bonds.
In diatomic molecules (like H2 or Cl2), the
electronegativities of both atoms are
exactly the same so electrons are shared
equally!
Covalent Bond animation
In Covalent bonds, electrons
are Shared
H H
Covalent bonds in large networks
(Network Bonding) gives rise to
substances with very high melting points.
diamond structure
Covalent
bonds are
very
strong!
When electrons are shared unequally between two
atoms, the bond is called Polar Covalent. A type of
PC bond formed when H from one atom
attracts O or N from another atom is called
Hydrogen Bonding. polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen Bonding
in Water gives rise
to the structure of
ice when water
solidifies.
Hydrogen
bonds
between the
bases hold
the two
strands of
DNA
together.
Bonds within molecules that hold the atoms
of a molecule together are called
intramolecular bonds. They are strong
covalent bonds.
Covalent Bonds
The covalent
I
intramolecular
I
bond in I2 is
very strong.
I
There are weaker
I I
I
intermolecular
I
I
I
forces which hold
I covalent molecules
I
I
together in a
molecular solid.
A dipole is a partial separation of charge
which exists when one end of a molecule
has a slight positive charge and the other
end has a slight negative charge. Eg. A
water molecule has two dipoles.
e- e-
+2 +2
e- e-
He He
Na+ Cl
Here is the e-dot formula (Lewis Structure)
for the ionic compound MgF2 :
F Mg2+ F
H C
H
Here is a Carbon H
atom (4 val e-s) and
four Hydrogen
atoms (1 val e- each)
Electron-dot formula for Methane (CH4)
H
Now they have H C H
formed a stable Each H atom
molecule. Each H
feels like a
C atom feels stable He
like it has a atom with 2e-s
stable octet.
Electron-dot formula for Ammonia (NH3)
H
N
H
Here is a Nitrogen
atom (5 val e-s) and H
three Hydrogen
atoms (1 val e- each)
Electron-dot formula for Ammonia (NH3)
N now
feels like it Each H
has a stable feels like it
octet H N H has 2 e- like
H Helium.
Write the electron-dot formula for CF4
Because F is a
halogen, it has 7
valence e-s, so F
you must show F C F
all 7 red dots
F
around each
F atom!
Write the electron-dot formula for H2S
S H
H
The two Hs
MUST be at
right angles to
each other!!
Write the Electron-Dot Formula for SeF2
Because F is in
Se F Group 17, they have
F 7 valence e-s, so they
must have 7 red dots
around them.