Semiconductors

1. Where in the Periodic Table would you find semiconducting elements?

2. Increasing temperature has what effect on the conductivity of :
i) metals ii) superconductors iii) semiconductors?
3. Which term describes the highest occupied energy band?
4. What is the conductor band?
5. Will conduction occur with filled, partially filled or empty bands?
6. Elements from which group are used in p-type doping?
Conduction involves the movement of what in p-type semiconductors?
7. Elements from which group are used in n-type doping?
What moves during conduction?

MM2006AH

Oxides,chloridesandhydridesof
thesecondandthirdperiods
propertiesrelatetopositionintheperiodictable
trendsinphysicalpropertiesandchemicalreactionswithwater
canbeexplainedintermsofthechangingnatureofthebonding
movingacrosstheperiods

MM2006AH

Oxides
Generallycanbepreparedbydirectcombinationof
elementswithoxygen
spontaneous

e.g.alkalimetals

slowlyatroomtemperature e.g.magnesium
occursonheating

e.g.carbon

hightemperature

e.g.nitrogen

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Meltingpointsofperiod2&3
oxides
3000

S eries 1
S eries 2

2500
M
e
l
t 2000
i
n
g
1500

Period2

p
o
i 1000
n
t
(
o
C
)

Period3

500

-500

Group

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Typesofbondinginoxides
Li

Be

Na Mg

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

F
Cl

ioniclattice
ionic/covalentnetwork
covalentnetwork
covalentmolecular

Electricalconductivity

Meltsorsolutionsofionicoxides

MM2006AH

Reactionofoxideswithwater
Li

Be

Na Mg
formsanalkali

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

F
Cl

e.g.Na2O(s)+H2O(l)NaOH(aq)

formsaweakalkali
noreaction/insoluble
formsanacid e.g.NO2(s)+H2O(l)HNO3(aq)
slightlysolublebutnoreaction

MM2006AH

Acid/basecharacterofoxides
Li

Be

Na Mg

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

F
Cl

basic
weaklybasic

Al2O3+6HCl2AlCl3+3H2O

amphoteric
Al2O3+3H2O+NaOH2NaAl(OH)4

acidic
neutral

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Chlorides
Canbepreparedbydirectcombinationofelementswith
chlorineorbyreactingmetalswithhydrochloricacid
Bondingpresentinperiods2and3variesinasimilarway
tothatoftheoxides

MM2006AH

Typesofbondinginchlorides
Li

Be

Na Mg

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

ioniclattice
partiallycovalentnetwork
covalentmolecular
Electricalconductivity
meltsorsolutionsofionicchlorides

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F
Cl

Reactionofchlorideswithwater
Li

Be

Na Mg

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

F
Cl

soluble
insoluble/immiscible
producesfumesofhydrogenchloride
e.g.PCl5(s)+4H2O(l)H3PO4(aq)+5HCl(aq)

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Acid/basecharacterofchlorides
Li

Be

Na Mg

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

weaklyacidic
acidic
neutral

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F
Cl

Hydrides
Hionverystrongbase/reducingagente.g.
2KH(s)+2H2O(l)H2(g)+2KOH(aq)
Reactionwithsodiumhydrideproducesthemetalfrom
manymetaloxidese.g.
CuO+NaHCu+NaOH
Lithiumaluminiumhydride(LiAlH4)andsodium
tetrahydroborate(NaBH4)usedinorganicchemistry
whenstrongreducingagentsrequired

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Typesofbondinginhydrides
ioniclattice
ionic/covalent
polymeric
Li

Be

Na Mg
good

B
Al

C
Si

O
S

N
P

nonconductors

F
Cl
poor

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covalentmolecular

Electricalconductivity
whenmolten

Reactionofhydrideswithwater
Li

Be

Na Mg

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

formshydroxideandhydrogen
insoluble
soluble
formshydroxide

MM2006AH

F
Cl

Acid/basecharacterofhydrides
Li

Be

Na Mg

B
Al

C
Si

N
P

O
S

stronglyalkaline
alkaline
weaklyalkaline
neutral
weaklyacidic
stronglyacidic

MM2006AH

F
Cl