TRANSFORMER

Knowledge Sharing

Mahersa ALI

Content
Basic Theory
Definition Of Transformer
Electrical Parameters

Types of Transformer
Cooling and Insulation
Surface Treatment
Monitoring & Protection Device
Testing
Installation, Operation &
Maintenance

Basic Theory
Definition, Electrical Parameters,

Basic Theory

Transformer is
an electrical
equipment which convert
electrical energy from one
level voltage to another level
voltage at a same frequency

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Transformation Ratio
I1

I2

P = U x I x 3

n1 U1 I2

n2 U2 I1

U1, n1

U2 , n 2

kVA = kV x A x 3
P = rated power
U = rated voltage (at no-load)
I = rated current

I1

I2
U1

Transformer ratio :
U1 number
I2
n1
n=

of turns

U2 / 3

U2

I1

n2

Rated voltage: step-up or step-down

Step-down:
Primary = the higher voltage
Secondary = the lower voltage
i.e. 20000/400 V

Step-up:
Primary = the lower voltage (supply)
Secondary = the higher voltage (operating)
i.e. 400/20000 V

Tapping
To adjust the rated voltage of the transformer to the system.
Example: 20 000 V 2.5 %
U1

Magnetic
core

n1

plus tapping

= pos 1 20 500

1904

nominal tapping

= pos 2 20 000

1858

minus tapping

= pos 3 19 500

1812

tapping range 2.5 %

46 turns by step

Iron Core

Sometimes referred as
Magnetic Core, it is made
of laminations of grain
oriented silicone steel
insulated with mineral
oxide. Its performance
depends on the grade of
the steel, the cutting pattern
and the method of
assembly

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No Load Loss (P0) and Parameters Related to Magnetic Core

No Load Loss (P0)

Composed of:
Hysteresis losses (reversing of magnetic flux)
Eddy - current losses (the magnetic core is an electrical conductor)

No load current

Noise/Sound/Acoustic Level

is the current required for the core magnetisation

acoustic power level Lw(A)

is often expressed as a percentage of the rated current

of the same winding.

acoustic pressure level Lp(A)

Windings
Iron
core

LV winding

HV winding

Conductor material:
Copper (Cu)
Aluminum (Al)

Conductor shape:
Round wire
Rectangular wire
Foil
Strip

Load Loss (PCU)

Load loss
Is composed of ohmic losses (R x I2), eddy-current losses and
stray-load losses
Resistance increases as conductor temperature increase
Reference temperature :
75C for the oil immersed transformers
120C for the cast resin transformers
Thus, load loss should be corrected according to reference
temperature

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Vector Group
The vector group of a transformer defines the connection of the HV and LV windings

1st letters group :

CAPITAL letters

the higher voltage

if the neutral is brought out : YN or ZN

2nd letters group :

small letters

the lower voltage

if the neutral is brought out : yn or zn

3rd letters group :

number

clock-hour figure, indicating phase

displacement between HV and LV windings

Vector Group - example

Dyn11
HV : Delta
LV : Star

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Types of Transformer
Oil Immersed Transformer, Dry Type Transformer

Types of Transformers Based on Cooling and Insulation

Based on insulation and cooling medium:
Oil immersed transformers
Sealed type transformer
Hermetically Sealed Totally Oil Filled
Sealed type with gas (N2) cushion

Breathing type with conservator

Dry type transformers

Cast Resin
Encapsulated Resin
Vacuum Pressure Impregnated (VPI)

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Types of Transformers Based on Cooling and Insulation

Oil Immersed Transformer. Use oil as cooling and insulation

medium

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Dry Type Transformer. Use air as cooling medium

Oil Immersed Transformer

Based on method to absorb oil expansion

Hermetically sealed totally oil filled

Sealed type with gas cushion

Breathing Type with Conservator

Transformers is fully filled with oil.

Not fully filled with oil, this

transformer has N2 gas cushion on
the top of tank to absorb oil
expansion.

Oil expansion is absorbed by

conservator tank on top of main
tank.

Customized solution. Up to 36 kV and 10 MVA.

Suitable for high rating up to 170 kV and 100 MVA.

Expansion of oil is compensated

with deformable fins radiator

Standard solution. Up to 36 kV and 4000 kVA.

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Cooling and Insulation

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Temperature Rise

For Oil Immersed Transformer

For Dry Type Transformer

Cooling
Symbols

ONAN

Order of symbols
AN

Examples

Surface Treatment

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Corrosivity Categories
ISO 12944-2 Standard

EXTERIOR
C1
Very Low Corrosivity

C2
Atmosph
eric
corrosivi
ty
category
ISO1294
4-2

INTERIOR
Heated buildings with clean atmospheres
Examples : Offices, shops, schools, hotels

Atmospheres with very low level of pollution

Mostly rural areas

Unheated buildings where condensation may occur

Examples : Depots, sports halls

Urban and industrial atmospheres, moderate

sulphur dioxide pollution
Coastal areas with low salinity

Productions rooms with high humidity and some air

pollution
Examples : Food-processing plants, laundries,
breweries, dairies

High Corrosivity

Industrial areas and coastal areas with moderate

salinity

Chemical plants, swimming pools, coastal ship-and

boatyards

C5Marine

Coastal and offshore areas with high salinity

Buildings or areas with almost permanent

condensation and with high pollution

Industrial areas with high humidity and

aggressive atmosphere

Buildings or areas with almost permanent

condensation and with high pollution

Low Corrosivity

C3
Medium Corrosivity

C4

Very High Corrosivity

C5Industrial
Very High Corrosivity

Monitoring & Protection Device

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Off circuit tap changer

To adjust the voltage of the

transformer at off circuit (not only at
no-load) condition, the transformer
has to be disconnected from the
network.

Tap changer is operated by means

of a handle on the cover or a hand
wheel on top or on sidewall of the
transformer.

On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)

To adjust the voltage automatically,

without de-energizing the
transformer

Monitoring & Protection

Devices
1. Integrated Safety Detector
2. Oil Level Indicator
3. Pressure Relief Device
4. Oil Temperature Indicator
5. Winding Temperature Indicator
6. Buchholz Relay
7. Pressure Vacuum Gage
8. Sudden Pressure Relay

Integrated Safety Detector (R.I.S, DMCR,

Hermetically Sealed Totally Oil Filled type
DGPT2)
Function:
Oil level indication
Oil temperature indication
Over pressure detection
All functions are provided with
contact for alarm and/or trip

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Standard monitoring device

Oil Level Indicator

For Sealed Type with N2 Gas Cushion Type and Breathing Type

Function :
to measure the level reached by the oil in a transformer
conservator

Pressure Relief Device

Standard device for all type

Function :
A device to relieve large volumes of gas or
insulating fluid rapidly when the pressure inside
a transformer reaches a pre-determined limit.

Oil Temperature Indicator

For Sealed Type with N2 Gas Cushion Type and Breathing Type with Conservator

Function :
to measure the oil temperature inside transformer tank

Winding Temperature Indicator

Standard device for high rated power

Function:
to measure the winding temperature by means of a special
bulb surrounded by heating resistance, through which
passes a current proportional to the current passing through
the transformer winding.

Buchholz Relay
for breathing type with conservator

Function :
to trip out the transformer if there is a release of gas arising
from the decomposition of the solid and liquid insulating
material due to the action of heat or electric arcing.

Pressure Vacuum Gauge

for sealed type with gas cushion

Function :
To check the vacuum pressure inside the tank,
applicable for sealed type transformer with N2
gas cushion

Testing

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Transformer Testing
For distribution transformer, according to IEC 60076-1 (2013)

ROUTINE TEST

TYPE TEST

1. Measurement of Winding Resistance

1. Temperature Rise Test

2. Measurement of Turn Ratio and Vector Group Check

2. Dielectric Type Test (Lightning Impulse Test)

3. Measurement of No Load Loss and No Load Current

3. Sound Level Measurement

4. Measurement of Load Losses and Impedance Voltage

4. Measurement of power taken by fans and/or pumps

(where applicable)

5. Dielectric Routine Test

6. Test on OLTC (where applicable)
7. Leakage Test

5. Measurement of No Load Loss and No Load Current at

90% and 110% rated voltage

8. CT Ratio and Polarity Test (where applicable)

Performed on all units, free of charge.

Performed on one unit to validate design. Subject to additional cost.

Winding Resistance Test

Test Objective:
To Measure the resistance in
ohms of each of the windings
of the transformer

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Turn Ratio Test

Test Objective:
To check conformity to
specification of the transformer
turn ratio and vector group
connection
Acceptance Criteria:
Tolerance : 0,5% of theoretical
ratio

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No Load Losses & Current Measurement

Test Objective:
1. To measure no load losses
and no load current of the
transformer
2. To check whether the
characteristics conform the
applicable standards
Acceptance Criteria:
+15% tolerance from declared
value according to IEC 60076

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Load Losses & Impedance Measurement

Test Objective:
1. Measurement of the
transformers load losses
2. Measurement of impedance
voltage
Acceptance Criteria:
.Load losses tolerance: +15%
from declared value
.Impedance tolerance: 10%
from declared value
. All according to IEC 60076

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Induce Overvoltage Test

Test Objective:
The test the insulation strength
inter turns and inter layer of the
windings.
Acceptance Criteria:
The transformer is considered
to have passed when there is
no voltage collapse or variation
in current

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Applied Voltage Test

Test Objective:
To test the insulation strength
between live parts to earth
Acceptance Criteria:
The transformer is considered
to have passed when there is
no voltage collapse in 60
second

HV

HV side
kV

LV Side

TEST FOR HV SIDE

HV

HV side
kV

LV Side

TEST FOR LV SIDE

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LV

LV

Temperature Rise Test

Test Objective:
1. To determine the temperature rise of the oil (T oil)
2. To determine the temperature rise of the HV and LV windings
3. To confirm the rated power of the transformer
Acceptance Criteria:
.According to approved documents and specifications; ex T oil : 60C, T windings : 65C

Lightning Impulse Test

Test Objective:
To check the impulse withstand of each winding relative to earth, relative and to other
windings and along the tested winding
Acceptance Criteria:
Reduced and full wave should be similar

Function Test of Measuring & Protection Devices

Test Objective:

Check of control and protection devices : relay function, accessories function and
continuity of wiring from devices into wiring box (Regulator Control Panel, Lamp, Power
socket, Heater, Oil level gauge, Pressure Relief Device, Oil Thermometer, Winding
Thermometer, Buchholz Relay, Junction Relay (RS. 2001, OLTC), Control Panel, Current
Transformer (CT), etc.)

Installation, Operation & Maintenance

INSTALLATION
Installation should be carried out in compliance with following rules / conditions:
1. All external cables connections are tight and secure
2. All accessories circuits operate properly
3. The tap changer is securely in correct position
4. The neutral and earth connections have been properly installed
5. Fans (if any) has been installed and operates properly
6. Proper clearance is maintained from high voltage bus to terminal equipment
7. All windings are free from un-intended earths
8. There is no dust, dirt or foreign material on core and coils (dry-type transformers)
9. There is no visible moisture on or inside the core and coils (dry-type transformers)
10. All plastic wrappings are removed from the core and coils (dry-type transformers)
11. There are no obstructions in or near the openings for ventilation
12. Commissioning should be carried out prior to energizing

OPERATION
Checklist before operation (part 1)
No.

CHECK ITEMS

DESCRIPTION

SPECIFIED

Out line drawing

Specification

Compliance with drawing and specification

Oil level

Main tank

Level gauge to read correctly for existing

level and oil temperature

1. Valves
3

Valve position

2. Radiator valves

Open and close position

3. Other valves
4

Off load tap changer

Manual operation through all tap position

As specified

REMARK

OPERATION
Checklist before operation (part 2)
No.

CHECK ITEMS

DESCRIPTION
1. Insulation resistance of windings
2. Ratio and polarity

Electrical tests
3. Dielectric strength of oil
4. Alarm, tripped, control circuits, and auxiliary circuit

Earthing

Bushing

Other

Tank and Marshalling kiosk

1.

Porcelain

2.

Spark Gap

3.

Connected

Cleans rust

SPECIFIED
No insulation breakdown

REMARK
As reference

Acc. to specification
>30 kV
1.
Wired properly and comply with wiring
2.
Contacts open or close as specified.
It should be connected to earth
Clean
Proper continuity and tightness

Cleans

Clean and
touch point

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
No

Task

Acceptance Criteria

Frequency

Remarks

No crack

Yearly

Contact the transformer supplier

Check the pressure relief disc

Check ventilation and ambient

temperature inside the transformer
room

< 40o C

Yearly

Ensure adequate ventilation and the compliance

with Section 7 - Installation.

Check insulating liquid temperature

< 100o C

Yearly

Conduct investigation if the insulating liquid

temperature is abnormally high with due respect to
the load current and ambient temperature

Check for leakage of insulating liquid

level

No insulating liquid leak

Yearly

If leakage is found, refer to Appendix 1.1

Check insulating liquid level

Middle between Max & Min

Yearly

If level on the RIS insulating liquid level indicator is

too low, refer to Appendix 1.2

Check the RIS settings

Refer to the RIS Catalogue &

Instructions

2-yearly

Reset the settings if different from that in the RIS

Catalogue & Instruction

Check dielectric strength of the

insulating liquid

Breakdown voltage test >

30kV/2.5mm

2-yearly

For sampling details, please refer to Appendix 1.3

Check paintwork

No paint peeling or rust

2-yearly

Arrange outage to check and clean

bushings

No dust

5-yearly

The frequency should be increased for hostile

environment
The frequency should be increased to 4 years or
less for hostile environment

Diagnostic Method for Transformer

Electrical Test:
Winding Resistance
No Load Current
Capacitance
Transmission ratio

Periodic/Routine Maintenance

Advance (Special Test):

Partial Discharge
Dielectric Response
SFRA

Oil Analysis:
Color
BDV
Water Content
DGA

On Line Monitoring:
Voltage, Current, Temperature
Oil, tap changer, cooling
Bushings

Post Mortem :
Degree of polymerization
Moisture in pressboard/paper

Questions?

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