Liver Cancer Treatment

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LIVER CANCER
Liver Cancer or Hepatic Tumour is a cancer of Liver. There are
several different types of tumours that can develop in the liver
as liver is made up of various cell types. These growths can be
benign or malignant. Cancerous tumours can start in liver and
spread to other areas of your body, through your bloodstream or
your lymphatic system. This spread of cancer is called
metastasis. Tumours may also spread from other parts of your
body, such as from your bowel, breast or lungs, to your liver.
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Symptoms of Liver Cancer

Most people do not have signs and symptoms in the early stages of primary liver
cancer. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
Losing weight without trying
Loss of appetite
Upper abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
General weakness and fatigue
An enlarged liver
Abdominal swelling
Yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)

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Types of Liver Cancer

Two broad categories of liver cancer
1) Primary 2) Secondary
Primary Liver Cancer

Primary liver cancer starts in the cells, bile ducts, blood vessels or connective tissue of the
liver . There are different types of primary liver cancer that include:
Hepatoma : This is the most common type. It is sometimes called hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC). This type of cancer originates from a liver cell (hepatocyte) which becomes
cancerous. The bulk of the liver is made up from hepatocytes. A hepatoma most commonly
develops as a complication of liver diseases such as cirrhosis or types of hepatitis (liver
inflammation).
Fibrolamellar : This hepatoma is a rare sub-type of hepatoma. It typically develops in a
liver that was previously healthy.
Cholangiocarcinoma : This is uncommon. It develops from cells which line the bile duct.
Hepatoblastoma : This is a very rare cancer that occurs in some young children.
Angiosarcoma : This is very rare. It develops from cells of blood vessels within the liver.
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Secondary Liver Cancer

Secondary liver cancer is a cancer that first develops elsewhere in the body
and then spreads (metastasizes) to the liver. It is sometimes called metastatic
cancer.
When a cancer forms in a part of the body, a few cancer cells may break off
and find their way into the bloodstream. Because your liver filters your
blood, any cancer cells in the bloodstream have a high chance of settling in
the liver to form a cancer nodule (metastasis).
People who are most at risk of secondary liver cancer are those with cancers
of the large bowel (colon), pancreas, stomach, lung or breast. It is important
to know where the cancer started as this will determine the type of cells
which are causing the cancer and affect which treatment is best suited for
you. Secondary cancer diagnosed in the liver may be a sign of cancer in
other organs. Sometimes, secondary cancer is found in the liver and yet,
even with thorough medical tests, its not possible to find out where the
cancer started. This is sometimes known as cancer of unknown primary.
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Staging of Liver Cancer

There are a number of different systems that can be used to stage liver cancer. Many liver cancer
specialists use combination-staging systems that include features of both the cancer and liver
function to stage a persons condition.
One combination system for staging liver cancer is known as the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer
(BCLC) staging system that consists of the following five stages.
Stage 0 - The tumour is less than 2cm (20mm) in diameter and the person is very well and has
normal liver function.
Stage A - A single tumour has grown but is less than 5cm (50mm) in diameter, or there are three
or fewer smaller tumours that are less than 3cm (30mm) in diameter and the person is very well
with normal liver function.
Stage B - There are multiple tumours in the liver, but the person is well and their liver function
is unaffected.
Stage C - Any of the above circumstances, but the person is not so well and their liver function
is not so good; or where the cancer has started to spread into the main blood vessel of the liver,
into nearby lymph nodes or into other parts of the body.
Stage D Where the liver has lost most of its functioning abilities and the person begins to
have symptoms of end-stage liver disease, such as a build-up of fluid inside their abdomen.
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Diagnosis of Liver Cancer

Physical exam -- The doctor feels the abdomen to check the liver, spleen, and
nearby organs for any lumps or changes in their shape or size. The doctor also
checks for ascites, an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. The doctor may
examine the skin and eyes for signs of jaundice.
Blood tests -- Many blood tests may be used to check for liver problems. One
blood test detects alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). High AFP levels could be a sign of
liver cancer. Other blood tests can show how well the liver is working.
CT scan -- An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed
pictures of the liver and other organs and blood vessels in the abdomen. The
patient may receive an injection of a special dye so the liver shows up clearly in
the pictures. From the CT scan, the doctor may see tumors in the liver or
elsewhere in the abdomen.
MRI -- A powerful magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures
of areas inside the body. These pictures are viewed on a monitor and can also be
printed.
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Ultrasound test -- The ultrasound device uses sound waves that cannot be heard
by humans. The sound waves produce a pattern of echoes as they bounce off
internal organs. The echoes create a picture (sonogram) of the liver and other
organs in the abdomen. Tumors may produce echoes that are different from the
echoes made by healthy tissues.
Angiogram -- For an angiogram, the patient may be in the hospital and may have
anesthesia. The doctor injects dye into an artery so that the blood vessels in the
liver show up on an x-ray. The angiogram can reveal a tumor in the liver.
Biopsy -- In some cases, the doctor may remove a sample of tissue. A pathologist
uses a microscope to look for cancer cells in the tissue. The doctor may obtain
tissue in several ways. One way is by inserting a thin needle into the liver to
remove a small amount of tissue. This is called fine-needle aspiration. The doctor
may use CT or ultrasound to guide the needle. Sometimes the doctor obtains a
sample of tissue with a thick needle (core biopsy) or by inserting a thin, lighted
tube (laparoscope) into a small incision in the abdomen. Another way is to remove
tissue during an operation.
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Liver Cancer Treatment at Top Cancer Hospitals in India

The treatment options are dictated by the stage of Liver Cancer and the overall
condition of the patient. The treatment to be given depends mainly on the size,
number, and site of tumors in the liver. Before planning the appropriate
treatment the functioning of the Liver is checked as also the spread of the
cancer within and outside the liver is to be tested. The Various treatment
options available are as follows:
Surgery : Surgery is the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during
an operation. It is likely to be the most successful disease-directed treatment,
particularly for patients with small tumors (smaller than 5 cm). A surgical
oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery.

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Hepatectomy : When a portion of the liver is removed, the surgery is called a

Hepatectomy. A Hepatectomy can be done only if the cancer is in one part of the
liver, and the liver is working well. The remaining section of liver takes over the
functions of the entire liver and may regrow to its normal size within a few weeks.
Liver Transplantation :Liver transplant may be the best option for some people
with small liver cancers. At this time, liver transplants are reserved for those with
small tumors (either 1 tumor smaller than 5 cm across or 2 to 3 tumors no larger
than 3 cm) that have not invaded nearby blood vessels. In most cases, transplant is
used for tumors that cannot be totally removed, either because of the location of
the tumors or because the liver is too diseased for the patient to withstand
removing part of it.
Chemoembolization: This is a type of chemotherapy treatment in which drugs
are injected into the hepatic artery and then the flow of blood through the artery is
blocked for a short time so the chemotherapy stays in the tumor longer. Blocking
the blood supply to the tumor also kills cancer cells.
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Radiation Therapy : Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays or

other particles to kill cancer cells. A doctor who specializes in giving radiation
therapy to treat cancer is called a radiation oncologist. A radiation therapy
regimen (schedule) usually consists of a specific number of treatments given
over a set period of time. External-beam radiation therapy is radiation given
from a machine outside the body. External-beam radiation therapy is not often
used for HCC.
Targeted Therapy : Targeted therapy is a treatment that targets the cancers
specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer
growth and survival. This type of treatment blocks the growth and spread of
cancer cells while limiting damage to normal cells. Recent studies show that not
all tumors have the same targets. To find the most effective treatment, your
doctor may run tests to identify the genes, proteins, and other factors in your
tumor.

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Most Advance Non surgical Treatments for Liver Cancer in India

Chemoembolization : Before Insertion of the tiny particles that block the
blood flow an anticancer drug is injected into the artery. The drug stays in the
liver for longer without blood flow, and thus the impact is more.
Radiofrequency Ablation : For inoperable liver tumors, radiofrequency
ablation (RFA) offers a nonsurgical, localized treatment that kills the tumor
cells with heat, while sparing the healthy liver tissue. Thus, this treatment is
much easier on the patient than systemic therapy.
Cryosurgery : It is a treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy
abnormal tissue, such as cancerous cells. This type of treatment is also called
Cryotherapy. The doctor may use ultrasound to guide the instrument.

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Percutaneous Ethanol Injection : Percutaneous ethanol injection is a cancer

treatment in which a small needle is used to inject ethanol (alcohol) directly into
a tumor to kill cancer cells. The procedure may be done once or twice a week.
Usually local anesthesia is used, but if the patient has many tumors in the liver,
general anesthesia may be needed.
Hyperthermia Therapy : Hyperthermia therapy is a type of treatment in which
body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to
make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer
drugs. Because some cancer cells are more sensitive to heat than normal cells are,
the cancer cells die and the tumor shrinks.
Biologic Therapy : Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients
immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a
laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the bodys natural defenses against
cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or
immunotherapy.
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FAQ - Liver Cancer Treatment India

How is liver cancer diagnosed?
If you think you have liver cancer, you should have a medical exam. Many tests may be needed
to confirm liver cancer. The steps to diagnosing liver cancer are a medical history, physical
exam, imaging tests, and a liver biopsy.
Whats new in liver cancer research?
Heres an overview of some new prevention and treatment methods being studied:
Ways to prevent hepatitis infections that cause liver cancer . Drugs that treat chronic hepatitis.
Scientists think hepatitis vaccinations may help prevent many cases of liver cancer.. New forms
of targeted therapy, including drugs that can be taken in higher doses
How to find the Best liver Cancer Treatment and Surgery in India?
As there are many top class surgeons in India, finding the best can be tricky. Send us your
medical report and we will choose from among the best surgeons most suitable for your
condition.
Why people Choose India for liver Cancer Treatment and Surgery?
Liver cancer hospitals in India specialize in advanced that fight cancer while supporting your
quality of life, both during and after treatment.
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Symptoms of Liver Cancer

Email your medical reports to us at info@mymedopinion.comand get a Free Medical Opinion.

Get Free opinion from Best & Top Doctors in India

Types of Liver Cancer

Primary Liver Cancer

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Secondary Liver Cancer

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Staging of Liver Cancer

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Diagnosis of Liver Cancer

Get Free opinion from Best & Top Doctors in India

Get Free opinion from Best & Top Doctors in India