Physics 2112

Unit 20

Outline:

Driven AC Circuits
Phase of V and I
Conceputally
Mathematically
With phasors
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

AC Generator

Vmaxsin(dt)
Driving frequency
= natural frequency (o)

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Phase between I and V

Simple Case - Resistors

IR = VR/R
R

Voltage goes up current goes up

In phase Phase angle = 0o

I= Vmax/R sin(dt)

Amplitude = Vmax/R

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Capacitors

QCV CVmaxsin(t)
C

I = VmaxC cos(t)
90o

Amplitude Vmax/XC
where XC 1/C
is like the resistance
of the capacitor
XC depends on

Unit 20, Slide 4

Inductors
dI
L
VL Vmax sin(t )
dt
L

90o

Vmax
I
cos(t )
L

Amplitude Vmax/XL
where XL L
is like the resistance
of the inductor
XL depends on
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Phase Summary
R

Vmax
I
sin(d t )
R

I Vmax C cos(d t )
Vmax

sin(d t 90o )
C

Vmax
I
cos(t )
L
Vmax

sin(t 90 o )
L

V and I in phase

I leads V

I lags V
ELI the ICE man
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

What does this look like together?

Notice phase relationships

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

What does this look like together?

Capacitor and Inductor always 180o out of phase

Capacitor/Inductor and Resistor always 90o out of phase
Resistor is some unknown phase angle out of phase is
signal generator

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

What about current?

Current is always the same through all elements (in

series)
Current and Voltage in phase across Resistor
Current and voltage out of phase by unknown phase angle
across signal generator
(Well find this phase angle later.)
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Reactance Summary
R

1
XC
C

X L L

Doesnt depend on

goes up, c goes down

goes up, L goes up

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Example 20.1 (Inductor Reactance)

A 60Hz signal with a Vmax

= 5V is sent through a
50mH inductor. What is
the maximum current,
Imax, through the
inductor?

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Phasors

Think of same material

graphically using phasors
Phasor just thinks of sine wave as
rotating vector

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Circuit using Phasors

Represent voltage drops

across elements as rotating
vectors (phasors)
Imax XL

VL and VC 180o out

of phase
VL and VR 90o out
of phase
Remember VR and I
in phase

Imax R

Imax XC
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Make this Simpler

Imax XC

max Imax Z

max

Imax XL

Imax(XL XC)

Imax R

Imax R

Z R 2 ( X L X C )2

R
Impedance Triangle

(X

XL XC
tan ( )
R
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Summary
Imax XC

VCmax Imax XC

VLmax Imax XL

max

VRmax Imax R

Imax XL

max Imax Z

Imax R

Imax max / Z
Z R 2 ( X L X C )2

Z R2 X L X C

XL XC
tan ( )
R

(X

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

CheckPoint 1(A)
A RL circuit is driven
by an AC generator
as shown in the
figure.

The voltages across the resistor and

generator are.
A. always out of phase
B. always in phase
C. sometimes in phase and sometimes
out of phase
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

CheckPoint 1(B)
A RL circuit is driven
by an AC generator
as shown in the
figure.

The voltages across the resistor and

inductor are.
A. always out of phase
B. always in phase
C. sometimes in phase and sometimes
out of phase
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

CheckPoint 1(C)
A RL circuit is driven
by an AC generator
as shown in the
figure.
The phase difference between the
CURRENT through the resistor and
inductor
A. is always zero
B. is always 90o
C. depends on the value of L and R
D. depends on L, R and the
generator voltage
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Example 20.2 (LCR)

In the circuit to the right
L=500mH
Vmax = 6V
C=47uF
R=100W

C
L
R

What is the maximum current and phase angle if

= 60rad/sec?
What is the maximum current and phase angle if
= 400 rad/sec?
What is the maximum current and phase angle if
= 206 rad/sec?
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

What does this look like graphically?

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Point of confusion??

VL + VC + VR +=
0
VL-max + VC-max + VR-max +
0
(Add like vectors)

I max

Vmax

V
Z

(Imax and Vmax happen at different times.)

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

CheckPoint 2(A)
A driven RLC circuit is
represented by the
phasor diagram to the
right.
The vertical axis of the
phasor diagram represents
voltage. When the current
through the circuit is
maximum, what is the
potential difference across
A. VL = 0
the inductor?
B. VL = VL-max/2
C. VL = VL=max

CheckPoint 2(B)

A driven RLC circuit is represented by the

above phasor diagram.
When the capacitor is fully charged,
what is the magnitude of the voltage
across the inductor?
A. VL = 0
B. VL = VL-max/2
C. VL = VL=max
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

CheckPoint 2(C)

A driven RLC circuit is represented by the

above phasor diagram.
When the voltage across the capacitor
is at its positive maximum, VC = +VCmax, what is the magnitude of the
voltage
A. VLacross
= 0 the inductor?
B. VL = VL-max/2
C. VL = VL=max
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,

Example 20.3
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit
shown.
Vmax 100 V
Imax 2 mA
VCmax 113 V
The current leads generator voltage by 45o
L and R are unknown.

V ~

L
R

What is XL, the reactance of the inductor, at this

Conceptual Analysis
frequency?
The maximum voltage for each component is related to its
reactance and to the maximum current.
The impedance triangle determines the relationship between the
maximum voltages for the components

Strategic Analysis
Use Vmax and Imax to determine Z
Use impedance triangle to determine R
Use VCmax and impedance triangle to
determine XL

r t
u
o ou
y
t rs
e
G ato
l
u
alc

Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 20,