Meta-analysis of

Brain Imaging Data

Krishna Prasad Miyapuram
with Manisha Chawla, Mounika Mesa*

Cognitive Science & Computer

Science
Indian
Institute
Technology,
* SRIP
Sumnmerof
2014
(RGUKT, Basar)
Gandhinagar

Contents

Neuroimaging Techniques
fMRI Physics & Classical Analysis
Functional connectivity & MultiVariate Pattern
Analysis
Meta-Analysis

Approaches & Tools

A case study of Reward processing
Customised Meta analysis of Decision making
Paradigms
Exploration of Cognitive terms
Identifying Intrinsic connectivity Brain networks

Neuroimaging Techniques

Sectional view of an MRI Scanner

Scanner room
Static magnetic
field
Gradient coil
RF (Head) coil

Patient Table

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine for 2003 jointly to

Console room

Paul C.
Lauterbur

Sir Peter
Mansfield

"for their discoveries concerning

magnetic resonance imaging
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2003/press.h
tml

Physics
of
MRI
(A)
(B)

Rest (Normal blood flow)

Brain activity
Activation (High blood flow)

Oxygen consumption
Cerebral blood flow
(C)

Oxyhaemoglobin
Deoxyhaemoglobin

MRI signal intensity

3D imaging
Coronal
Axial

Saggital

NeuroAnatomy

Classical analysis
y = X
fMRI
time series

z
roll

pitch
x

+
Statistical
General Linear Model
Analysis

yaw

AB

Design matrix
Parameter estimation

Within-subject registrationStatistical Inference

Linear Contrasts
slice-timing correction
Thresholding
Realignment
Coregistration
(structural to functional) Random Effects Analysis
(Group analysis only)
Between-subject registration
spatial normalization
Statistical
Parametric Map
Spatial smoothing

Preprocessing

Functional Connectivity
Functional Segregation

Functional

Integration

Functional Connectivity

Contextsensitive
connectivity

Set

source
target

Effective
Connectivity

Modulation of
stimulus-specific
responses

stimuli

source
target

Meta Analysis

Approaches & Tools

A case study of Reward processing
Customised Meta analysis of Decision making Paradigms
Exploration of Cognitive terms
Identifying Intrinsic connectivity Brain networks

Overwhelming number of studies!!

Data Explosion
One Participant data
Voxel

size: 3 3 5 mm
# of slices: ~ 20
Matrix size: 64 64 per slice (in-plane resolution)
Total # of voxels (raw data) = 81920

One study
~

20 participants

Multiple Studies
Studies over the years !!

What happens to
Variability ??

Across
Participants
Different
People
Different Brains!!

Across
Experiments

Analysis
Techniques
Scanner Strength

Meta Analysis

Number of studies which look at a single psychological

phenomenon are pooled together
analyzed for consistency and specificity of findings
Multi-level kernel Density
Analysis

Image based

Intra-subject modelling of
each subjects fMRI time
series data

Activation Likelihood
Estimation
Kernel Density Analysis

Co-ordinate
based

Inter-subject analysis for

each study

Inter-study meta-analysis

Reverse Inferencing in single

studies

P(Activation|Cognitive
State)

P(Cognitive State|Activation)

Stages of Electronic Data

Capture

Brainmap.org

Meta analysis of reward processing

studies

A case study of reward-related

experiments
ALE analysis

MKDA

NeuroSynth forward inferencing

NeuroSynth reverse inferencing

Customised Meta Analysis

pipeline
Search Term

MATLAB Code for PubMed Interface

Search URL
Search Results
(PMID, Title, Authors, Abstract,
Citations)

Decision Making in different domains

Perceptual Decision Making

Value-based Decision Making

What do you prefer?

Social Decision Making
Utimatum Game
Accept
$10
$2
$0
Reject

Keywords

508 studies identified with the terms

reward, decision, choice, value, social,

percept

Filtering criteria:

value: 84
social: 61
perceptual: 36

Perceptual Decision making

Value-based decision making

Social decision making

Graph-theory Based Clustering Method for Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies

Word Frequency of Occurrence of each fo the Key

Concepts
Pairwise Distances across al the Key Concepts
Jaccard Metric between Key Concepts
Construction of Dendrogram for the Jaccard Metric
Results
Clustering using Graph Theory Approach
Jaccard Distance with a Threshold of 1 Occurrence of
Key Concept in Every 1000 Words

gure-3.2: Histogram for 525 key concepts

Figure-3.4: Scatter plot inferring the nodes the associated t

key concept written (Y-axis: 264 v

Figure-3.3: Histogram for 524 key concepts

Term-1
Actions
Ambiguity
Animals
Aphasia
Awareness
Bottomup
Chinese
Distractor
Dopamine
Episodic
Facial
Female
Females
Gesture
Judgment
Letters
Masked
Musical
Negative
Object
Olfactory
Outcome
Overt
Pain
Pairs
Picture
Prosody
Rating
Scene
Schizophrenic
Selfreferential
Sentences
Skin
Sleep
Sound
Switching
Unattended
Verb
Violations
Working

Term-2
action
ambiguous
animal
grammatical
conscious
topdown
japanese
distractors
dopaminergic
retrieval
expressions
Male
males
gestures
judgments
Letter
masking
Music
positive
objects
Taste
outcomes
covert
painful
Pair
pictures
prosodic
ratings
scenes
antipsychotic
thoughts
sentence
Heart
restingstate
sounds
switch
attended
Noun
violation
memory

525 key
concepts
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

524 key
concepts
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

term1

term2

term3

Adolescen adolesce
childhood
ts
nce
Depressi
Bipolar
ptsd
ve
intelligen
Child
fluency
ce
Congruen congruen incongrue
t
cy
nt
age
Elderly
Aging
related
Executive Working memory
Execution Planning solving
probabiliti
Explicit
Implicit
es
expressio expressio
Facial
n
ns
Happy
Angry
fearful
Autobiog
Memories
famous
raphical
Motivatio
Food
eating
n
Mouth
Lip
oral
Muscle
Muscles limb
Names
Name
naming
Nback
1back
2back
errorrelat
Nogo
Gonogo
ed
Numerical Digits
digit

525 key 524 key

concept concept
s
s
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
No

No
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Figure-3.5: Histogram thresholded key concepts.

S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Term-1
Cues
preparation
repetitions
Judgment
Verbal
Saccadic
Targets
anticipation
Fingers
audiovisual
Persons
Nonverbal
Foot
engagement
Inhibitory
Pressure
Adults
Unattended
Working
Object
Sentences
photographs
Scene
Actions
Encoding
Taste
Attention
Perspective
Effort
Face

Term-2
Cue
Visuomotor
Presentations
Judgments
Fluency
Lip
Target
Expectation
Tactile
Crossmodal
Empathic
Phonology
Limb
Adolescence
Inhibition
Heart
Children
Attended
Memory
Objects
Sentence
Categorical
Scenes
Action
Retrieval
Eating
Attentional
Person
Visuospatial
Faces

S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

Term-1
Priming
Invalid
Pleasant
Experience
Semantic
Motivation
Finger
Explicit
Mouth
Subjective
Sequences
Females
Masked
Decision
Probes
Executive
Sound
Gestures
Plasticity
Emotionally
Losses
Training
Counting
Social
Musical
Engaged
Cocaine
Tracking
Habituation
Physical
Animals

Term-2
repetition
pair
food
work
words
anger
hand
knowledge
biological
ratings
sequence
categorization
conscious
decisions
probe
errors
hearing
hands
longterm
sadness
choice
practice
learned
negative
listening
remembered
Salience
Epilepsy
Thought
Sexual
Drugs

Term-3
Prime
Pairs
Unpleasant
Future
Word
Disgust
Tapping
Implicit
Motion
Stimulation
Planning
Males
Subtraction
Decisionmaking
Delay
Error
Noise
Dominant
Shortterm
Voice
Choices
Mental
Endogenous
Positive
Music
Taskrelevant
Adhd
Probabilistic
Novelty
Women
Reactivity

Figure-3.6: Graphical representation of cluster size-17 for thresholded key concepts.

Intrinsic Connectivity
Networks

Reported Activation sites

Smoothed images

Figure-4.11: The
metadata matrix of
behavioral domains
and paradigms was
extracted directly
from experiments
archived in
NeuroSynth (5809
experiments 525
metadata classes)

Figure-4.12 : Correlogram of the concatenated metadata matrix for

NeuroSynth behavioral domains and paradigms provides a pernetwork mapping of the functional properties of each ICN, ordered to
reflect the groupings set forth by the behavioral- and network-driven
HCA results.

Future directions

References

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