CH 10 Surface Integrals

10.1 Parametric Surfaces

Parametric curves in space :
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k , a t b
Parametric surfaces in space :

r
(u,v)

the parametric equations of the surface

Why parametric ?
It represents the points on surfaces
explicitly
It describes certain surfaces which
cannot be expressed as Cartesian
equations
It can be used to compute surface
integrals
http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/parsur/
3

 Planes : ax + by + cz = d
Let 2 of the 3 components be u & v, & obtain the
remaining component in terms of u & v by the
equation.
2x 5y + 3z = 4.
Let x = u, y = v, & so z = (4 2u + 5v) .
Thus the parametric representation of the plane
is
r(u,v) = ui + vj + (4 2u + 5v)k .
4

 If 1 variable is absent from the eqn., let it

be u or v.
3x y = 5.
Let z = u. Then x = v, y = 3x 5 = 3v 5, &
r(u,v) = vi + (3v 5)j + uk .
If 2 variables are absent from the eqn., let
them be u & v .
The yz-plane (x = 0) is represented by
r(u,v) = 0i + uj + vk.
5

 Surfaces of the form z = f(x, y) !!

http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/graph3d/
6

 Spheres (

with radius a)

Full sphere :

Upper hemisphere :

http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/sphcoords/
http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/sphplot/

 Circular Cylinder :
(
about the z-axis)

u : measures the angle from

the positive x-axis
v : the height from the
xy-plane along the cylinder
P : (a cos u, a sin u, v)

 For cylinder about y-axis (

):

For cylinder about x-axis (

):

http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/cylin/
9

 Tangent Planes
Given : surface S
& a point
Find : the equation
of the tangent plane
to S at

10

v
u constant
curve
(u,v)
v constant
curve

u
11

 Fix

. Curve

Tangent vector

Fix u =

. Curve

Tangent vector

12

 As
provides a normal
vector to the tangent plane. Thus the equation of
the tangent plane is :
See CH5, 5.5
planes in Space

(r-r0 )gn 0

13

 Find the eqn. of the tangent plane to the surface

at (1, 4, 1).

(1, 4, 1)

(u, v) ?
14


Point (1, 4, 1):
We have :

which imply

(u, v) = (1, 2) .
15

 At this point,
(u, v) = (1, 2)

Thus the equation of the tangent plane is :

or

16

 For the surface S : z = f(x, y), its parametric

representation is :

Thus,
&
& so the normal vector is :
17

10.2 Surface Integrals (two types)

Type I : Scalar function f(x, y, z)
Recall line integral

Type II : Vector field F(x, y, z)

Recall line integral

18

Electrical charge distributed over S

f(x,y,z) charge density
To find the total charge on S

Surface integrals of scalar functions

Given: Surface S
D the corresponding domain for (u, v)
f(x,y,z) a (scalar) function defined on S.
The surface integral of f over S is :

Why?
19

Recall that

20

 dS ? dA =(dudv)
S
A

Why? see next slide

dS = |ru du rv dv|
= |rurv| dudv
21

 rv dv

ru du

See line integral

of vector fields ,
CH 9 section 9.3.7

rv dv

ru du
area of Y ru du rv dv ru rv dudv
dS ru du rv dv ru rv dudv
However we always write

dS ru du rv dv ru rv dudv

22

23

 Physical Meaning
If f(x, y, z) is a density function of a
surface S, then the surface integral
gives the mass of the surface.
If f(x, y, z) = 1, then the surface
integral gives the area of the
surface.
24

S:
D:

25

 Hence

/2

810

sin u cos u
2

/2

(cos v sin v) dv du

26

Note that

=z

27

 For

Check:

Then

28


Thus

Thus
Hence

29

 Objective : To calculate the total volume of

fluid flowing out of S per unit time.

A fluid with velocity v flows through S

30

 Surface

integrals of vector fields

31

In a particular segment,

32

 Thus the total flow rate is approximately

If n goes to infinity, the above RHS becomes

which represents the actual total volume flow

rate. This integral is called a surface integral
(Flux) of the vector field v.
33

Surface integrals of vector fields

Given : S surface with a unit normal vector n,
F continuous vf defined on S.
The surface integral of F over S is

or

Bold font

This integral is also called the flux of F over S as

it is related to the volume flow rate of fluid.
34

If
then

S : r = r(u, v)

with domain D,

35

 Type I : Scalar function f(x, y, z)

Type II : Vector field F(x, y, z)

36

 Evaluate

S:
The parametric representation of S:

The domain D is then the

projection onto xy-plane
(a circle of radius 2)
37

 Check :

Thus,

u = r cos
v = r sin
dA = rdrd
38

S:

Check :
(1)
(2)
(3)
39

We thus have :

40

 Type I : Scalar function f(x, y, z)

Type II : Vector field F(x, y, z)

41

Orientation of surfaces
If S is a surface given by r = r(u, v), then the
normal vector
automatically supplies an
orientation to S.
The opposite orientation is given by
& the corresponding oriented surface is denoted
by S, & we have :

42

 (Example 10.2.5)

which is pointing upwards.

43

 (Example 10.2.6)

(1,0,0)

Hence the orientation of the sphere in this

example is the outward normal vector.
44

10.3 Curl & Divergence

Curl
The curl of F is defined by
curl F =
Note that curl F is a vector field.

45

 Divergence

The divergence of F is defined by

P

div F =
Note that div F is a scalar function.
Recall curl F =
46

 Del operator
Let F = Pi + Qj + Rk be a vf.
Write
Then
(1)

& so
47

(ii)

i.e.,
Let
Then
(i) curl F =

(ii) div F =

48

 Show that curl

Proof.

() Curl & conservative fields

Let F be a vf in space. Then
curl F = 0
F is conservative
49

 For the vf

50


(d) F =

51

 The curl of a vf measures the degree of swirling

or rotation about a given direction.

The direction of curl F is the direction of the

axis about which the fluid rotates most rapidly &
curl F is a measure of the speed of this
rotation.
The direction follows the RH-rule.
52

 Let F be the vf of a fluid or gas. Then div F at

a point A measures the tendency of the fluid to
diverge away from A or accumulate toward A.
If div F > 0 at A, then, overall, the tendency is
for the fluid to diverge away from A, & there is
a source at A.
If div F < 0 at A, then the fluid is tending to
accumulate toward A, & there is a sink at A.
If div F = 0 at A, then there is neither
a source nor a sink at A.
53

F(x,y,z)=3(y + 1) i + 0j + 0k
4 y 4
In the following,the same pattern is repeated in any
plane parallel to the xy-plane.
No turning

div F = 0
Curl F =
6y (y + 1) k
54

10.4 Stokes Theorem

Let S be an oriented smooth

surface that is bounded
by a closed, smooth curve C.
Let F be a vf whose has
continuous partial derivatives
on S. Then

55

Note. In the above equality,

the orientation of C must be
consistent with that of S:
when you walk in the
orientation around C with your
head pointing in the direction
of the normal vector of S, the
corresponding surface S is on
your left.
56

 If F is a force field, the thm says that the work done

by F along C equals the flux (integral) of curl F over
S.
If F is a velocity field of a fluid flow, then

The circulation of
The cumulative tendency
of the fluid to swirl
the fluid around
across
the
surface
S
the boundary curve C
(Bradley & Smith)

57

 Stokes theorem is the 3-variable version of

Greens theorem.
G
S

58

 Computation

59

Let S be the surface enclosed by

C on the plane z = 3 y.
Then S :
where D is the circle with center 0
& radius 2.
Also,
(orientations of C & S are consistent)

60

 By Stokes thm,

61

 As D is a circle, we may use polar

coordinates:

D: 0 r 2
0 2

62

 Computation

63

64

 How to find the parametric rep. r(t) for C ?

Solving
yields z = 2.

Note. a = 5, v = 2; let u = t.
Thus, C :

(0 t 2; orientations of C & S
are consistent)

65

66

10.5 Divergence Theorem (Gauss)

Let E be a solid & S the boundary of E with
the outward orientation ( the normal vector
points outward from E ).
Let F be a vf whose component functions have
continuous partial derivatives in E. Then

67

 The Divergence Thm

states that the outward flux
of a vf F through S equals
the volume integral of the
div F over E.
This thm is important in
engineering (electrostatics
& fluid dynamics).

Gauss (1777-1855) the

Prince of mathematicians
referred to mathematics as
"the Queen of the Sciences.
68

Note that
By the Divergence Thm,

69

 F = cj

Appendix

div F = 0
Curl F = 0
70

G=

div G = 2y
Curl G = 0

71

H=
div H = 0
Curl H = 2x

72

L=
div L = 1
Curl L = 0

http://www.math.umn.edu/~nykamp/m2374/readings/divcurl/
73