Personal Protective

Equipment

Chapter 7

Types of Hazard Controls

Engineering

Controls

Passive measures that prevent exposure to

hazards
Guards
Substitution
Ventilation
Isolation/location
Process changes

Types of Hazard Controls

Administrative
Behavioral changes
Worker rotation
Housekeeping practices
Record keeping and data analysis

Types of Hazard Controls

Personal

Protective Equipment

Respirators
Safety glasses/goggles
Helmets
Special clothing
Safety belts/harnesses

Least

desirable control method

Hazard in not eliminated

If PPE is to be used
Initiate

written policy for usage

Select proper equipment
Implement training program for correct use
and maintenance of PPE
ENFORCE THE POLICY

PPE Training Requirements

Describe

hazard or condition
Tell what has/ can be/ cannot be done to
correct
Explain selection of specific PPE
Discuss limitations and capabilities of PPE
Demonstrate proper use
Practice, practice, practice
Explain policy, emergency procedures, who
buys, etc.

Head Protection
Designed

to shield from impact and penetration of

falling/flying objects and high voltage
Contains suitable harness
Helps prevent hair entanglement
ANSI Z-89.1-1986
ID tag must list
Manufacturers name
ANSI standard designation and class
ID no more than 5 years old

Head Protection
Class Ahelmets

intended to protect
against impact from falling objects and low
voltage electrical current
Class B--helmets intended to protect against
impact from falling objects and high voltage
electrical current
Class C--helmets intended to protect against
impact from falling objects

Bump Caps
NOT suitable

if Class A,B,or C required

May be suitable to protect against bumping
into stationary objects
Not covered by ANSI

Helmet Maintenance
Before

each use, inspect for cracks

Discard helmets with signs of cracking or
with broken or damaged harnesses
Wash with warm soapy water every 30 days
Disinfect before reissuing
Color-coding
By crew or to designate rank
Do not paint

Face and Eye Protection

ANSI

Z 87.1-1989
Protection against physical, chemical agents
and radiation
70% of eye injuries caused by flying or
falling objects
Contact with harmful substances 20%
Foreign bodies in eye 60%

Selection of Eyewear
Level

of protection afforded

Goggles, glasses w/side shields, full face

shields

Comfort
Ease

of repair
Face shields not recommended for
protection against impact
Eye cups must cover entire eye socket

Face Protection
Face

shields should be worn over basic eye

protection
Useful for protection against chemical
splashing, molten metal splashing
3 styles
Headgear w/o crown protector
Headgear with crown protector
With crown and chin protectors

Eye Protection for Welding

Ultraviolet

(UV), visible, and infrared (IR)

all produced by welding processes
UV causes cumulative cornea damage and
lens
Short exposures to intense UV or long

exposures to low intensity UV causes painful,

but usually self-healing cornea damage

Eye Protection for Welding

Visible

light band

High intensity can cause eye strain and damage

to retina

Infrared
Transmits heat energy causing superficial

damage

Lens

shading

Scale up to 15

Hearing Protection
Hearing

loss begins in 4000-6000 Hz ranges

Can extend to lower frequencies with prolonged

exposures

Hearing

Conservation program

29CFR1910.95
Employers must develop and maintain audiometric
testing program
New hires and annually thereafter
May require hearing protection

Hearing Protection
Exposure

to noise based on 8-hr TWA

Calculate total DOSE
If Dose > 1.0, level must be reduced by
engineering, administrative, or PPE control

TWA Example
Level
80dBa
85dBa
90dBa
95dBa
100 dBa
105 dBa
110 dBa
115 dBA

Time allowed
32
16
8
4
2
1
.5
.25

TWA Example
Time

at level divided by time allowed for each exposure

level experienced
8:00-9:30 95 dBA
1.5/4=.375
9:30-9:45 75 dBA
0
9:45-12:00
90 dBA
2.25/8=.281
12:00-12:30
80 dBA
.5/32=.016
12:30-2:30
95 dBA
2/4=.5
2:30-2:45 75 dBA
0
2:45-4:30 90 dBA
1.75/8=.219
TOTAL DOSE 1.391

Hearing Protectors
Enclosurecompletely

surrounds head like

pilots helmet
Aural inserts (ear plugs)
Formablefine glass fiber, wax-impregnated

cotton, expandable plastic foam

Custom moldedformed for individual
Moldedsoft silicone rubber or plasticmay
be cleaned and reused

Hearing Protectors
Superaural

(canal caps)seal tightly

around ear canal
Circumaural (earmuffs)attenuation varies
greatly
NRR-Noise Reduction Ratinglisted on
package
Derived in laboratory
In practice, figure effective NR

Fall Arrest Systems

Active

vs. Passive systems

Passive includes netting systems that do not require any

action on workers part

100% protection when properly installed
Personnel nets max opening 6x6
Not more that 25 below work surface (except
bridges)
Test every 6 months by dropping 400# sand bag
from 25
Label must list manufacturer, ID of material, date of
manufacture, data of prototype test, testing agency

Fall Arrest Systems

Passive

systems

Debris nets
to 1/3 mesh
Can be used in conjunction with personnel nets

Active

systems require manipulation by worker to

be effective
Includes safety belts, fall arresters, shock absorbers,

body harnesses, lifelines

All begin with anchorage point and have connecting
components to worker

Fall Arrest Systems

Anchor/anchorage

point

Minimum 5000# static load strength for 6 freefall

Lanyardshort

flexible rope, strap or webbing

connecting worker to anchor
Safety beltsno longer meet OSHA standards
Harnessesdistributes fall arrest force over all
enclosed body parts
Nylon and polyester webbing
Max 6 freefall

Fall Arrest Systems

Retracting

lifelinesoperate on basis of
centrifugal force, similar to seat belts in your car
Virtually unlimited length

Lifelines
Horizontalanchoring cable rigged between 2 fixed

anchoring points
Min. 500# strength per worker attached
Supports every 20-50 feet that can be passed w/o
disconnecting

Fall Arrest Systems

Lifelines
Vertical lifelines (dropline)
Lanyard attached using grabbing device

Hardware

connectors

Bolts, shackles, D-rings, snap hooks, metal

links
Min. 4000# static tensile strength

Respiratory Protection
Air

supplying respirators

SCBA
Required for Oxygen deficient atmospheres
< 19.5%
Required for IDLH conditions
Closed circuit rebreather
Removes carbon dioxide, adds oxygen
Open circuitexhausts air into atmosphere
Compresses air supply

Open circuit
Demand

(negative pressure)

Air enters face piece when wearer breathes

Not for IDLHno better than air-purifying

Pressure-demand

(positive pressure)

Constant pressurized supply of air to face piece

Leaks are outward

Supplied air respirators

Air

line respirators
Available in demand, pressure demand, and
continuous flow
No IDLH use because dependent on air
supply not carried by wearer

Air purifying respirators

Filter

air of gases, particulate and vapors,

but do not supply air
Useful life limited by
Concentration of contaminant
Breathing rate
Removal capacity

Cartridge

vs. cannister

Air purifying
3

styles

Quarter face
Covers only mouth and nose
Half face

Extends below chin

Full face
Extends below chin and to hair line

Full Face Cartridge Respirator

Air purifying
Remove

gases by passing through activated

charcoal or other filtering material
Contaminants adsorbed by charcoal
Cannot be used for gases extremely toxic at
very small concentrations
Should not be used for contaminants not
detectable by odor
Must have appropriate filtering medium

Fit Tests
Quantitative
Known concentration of non-toxic gas in

atmosphere
Measure concentration inside mask
Protection factor

Atmosphere concentration divided by mask

concentration

Qualitative
Negative vs. positive pressure