Environmental Controls I/IG

Lecture 12
Cooling Loads
Cooling Degree Hours
Energy Performance Ratings
Annual Fuel Consumption

Cooling Loads
Computed for worst
case scenario:

Late summer afternoon

at outdoor design dry
bulb temperature

Include:

Insolation from sun

Heat gain from people,
lights, and equipment
Infiltration in
residential buildings
Ventilation in
nonresidential
buildings
SR-3

Summer Design Conditions

Design Dry Bulb Temperature
Mean Daily Range

S: p. 1496, T.B1

Determine Design Equivalent

Temperature Difference (DETD)
Construction type
Outdoor design temperature
Mean daily range
L: 0-16F
M: 16-25F
H: 25+F

S: p. 1613, T.F.5

Determine Envelope Uvalues

Calculate R and then find U for
walls and roofs.
Note: this method ignores floors,
doors, and window U-values

Determine DCLF
Glazing Type
Design Temperature
Shading
Orientation

S: p. 1615, T.5.6

Determine Area Quantities

Perform area takeoffs
for all building envelope
surfaces on each facade:
gross wall area 1200 sf
- window area
368 sf
- door area
64
768
sf sf
net wall area

100

12

4
Elevation

Infiltration

S: p. 1617, T.F.7

Ventilation Analysis
Non-residential buildings use ventilation to
provide fresh air and to offset infiltration effects.
ASHRAE Standard 62-2001

(S: p. 1598, T.E.25)

Estimates the number of people/1000 sf of usage

type
Prescribes minimum ventilation/person for usage
type

ASHRAE 62-2001
Defines space occupancy and ventilation
loads

S: p. 1598, T.E.25

VentilationSensible CLF

S: 1617, T.F.7

People Sensible Gain

Determine number of people
Activity level

S: p. 1617, T.F.8

Lights
Determine wattage of lighting/square
foot

ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive levels

Count fixture loads and add together

Note: add 15% for ballasts where applicable

(e.g., fluorescent lights)

Equipment
Determine operating wattage of
equipment/square foot

ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive levels

Count actual loads and add together

Note: include a diversity factor (20-30%) if

specific usage patterns are unknown.

Equipment
Use manufacturers data or other
references to obtain heat gain data.
Standby mode

Copiers
Monitors
Printers
CPU
energy star

S: p. 1618, T.F.9

Latent Load
Not calculated separately:
Apply a factor as a percentage of the
total sensible cooling load
Dry climates: 20%
Moist/Humid climates: 30%

Cooling Load Example

Problem
Building: Office Building
Location: Salt Lake City

Building: 200 x 100 (2 stories, 12-6 each)

Uwall= 0.054 Btuh/sf-F
Uroof= 0.025 Btuh/sf-F

Cooling Load Example

Problem
Determine Building Envelope Areas (SF)
Building: 200 x 100 (2 stories, 12-6
each)
N
E
S
W
Gross Wall 5,000 2,500 5,000 2,500
Windows 1,000
500 2,000
500
Doors
20
20
50
20
Net Wall 3,980 1,980 2,950 1,980
Roof/Floor Slab 20,000

Determine Design Equivalent

Temperature Difference (DETD)
Roof Construction type: Light color, vented, ceiling
Design temperature: 95F
Mean daily range: 32F
L: 0-16F
M: 16-25F
H: 25+F
DETD=31.0F

S: p. 1613, T.F.5

Cooling Loads

0.025

Insert roof values

SR-3

20,000

31.0

15,500

15,500

Determine Design Equivalent

Temperature Difference (DETD)
Wall Construction type (see given)
Design temperature: 95F
Mean daily range: 32F
L: 0-16F
M: 16-25F
H: 25+F
DETD=11.3F
S: p. 1613, T.F.5

Cooling Loads

0.025

Insert roof values

N
E
S
W

Insert wall values

SR-3

0.054
0.054
0.054
0.054

20,000

31.0

3,980
1,980
2,950
1,980

11.3
11.3
11.3
11.3

15,500

2.429
1.208
1,800
1,208

15,500

6,645

Determine Window DCLF

Glazing Type
Design Temperature
Shading
Orientation

S: p.
1615,
T.F.6

Cooling Loads

0.025

N
E
S
W

Insert roof values

Insert wall values
Insert glass values

SR-3

0.054
0.054
0.054
0.054

N
E
S
W

20,000

31.0

3,980
1,980
2,950
1,980

11.3
11.3
11.3
11.3

1,000
500
2,000
500

14
35
20
35

15,500

2.429
1.208
1,800
1,208

15,500

6,645

14,000
17,500
40,000
17,500
89,000

ASHRAE 62-2001
Defines space occupancy and ventilation
loads

S: p. 1598, T.E.25

Ventilation Load Sensible

40,000 sf x 5people/1,000sf = 200 people
200 people x 17 cfm/person = 3,400 cfm

Ventilation Load Sensible

CLF
Design Temperature: 95F
Commercial Building: Ventilation

S: p. 1617, T.F.7

Cooling Loads

0.025

N
E
S
W

Insert roof values

Insert wall values
Insert glass values
Insert outdoor air
values

SR-3

20,000

31.0

0.054
0.054
0.054
0.054

3,980
1,980
2,950
1,980

11.3
11.3
11.3
11.3

N
E
S
W

1,000
500
2,000
500

14
35
20
35

15,500

2.429
1.208
1,800
1,208

15,500

6,645

14,000
17,500
40,000
17,500
89,000

N/A

N/A

3,400

22.0

N/A

74,800

74,800

People Sensible Gain

Determine number of people: 280
Activity level: moderately active office
work

S: p. 1617, T.F.8

Cooling Loads

0.025

N
E
S
W

Insert roof values

Insert wall values
Insert glass values
Insert outdoor air
values
Insert people values

SR-3

20,000

31.0

0.054
0.054
0.054
0.054

3,980
1,980
2,950
1,980

11.3
11.3
11.3
11.3

N
E
S
W

1,000
500
2,000
500

14
35
20
35

15,500

2.429
1.208
1,800
1,208

15,500

6,645

14,000
17,500
40,000
17,500
89,000

N/A

N/A

N/A

3,400

22.0

74,800

200

250

50,000

74,800

Lighting Load
Lighting load: 1.5 w/sf
Equipment load: 0.5 w/sf

Cooling Loads

0.025

N
E
S
W

Insert roof values

Insert wall values
Insert glass values
Insert outdoor air
values
Insert people values

Insert lighting values

Insert equipment
values

SR-3

20,000

31.0

0.054
0.054
0.054
0.054

3,980
1,980
2,950
1,980

11.3
11.3
11.3
11.3

N
E
S
W

1,000
500
2,000
500

14
35
20
35

15,500

2.429
1.208
1,800
1,208

15,500

6,645

14,000
17,500
40,000
17,500
89,000

N/A

N/A

3,400

22.0

200

250

N/A

74,800

74,800

50,000

40,000

1.5

204,780

40,000

0.5

68,260

323,040

Cooling Loads

0.025

Sensible Heat Gain:

508985 Btuh

N
E
S
W

Latent Heat Gain (20%):

101,797 Btuh
Total Heat Gain:
610,782Btuh
or
50.9 Tons
Tons=Q/12,000

SR-3

20,000

31.0

0.054
0.054
0.054
0.054

3,980
1,980
2,950
1,980

11.3
11.3
11.3
11.3

N
E
S
W

1,000
500
2,000
500

14
35
20
35

15,500

2.429
1.208
1,800
1,208

15,500

6,645

2.5

1.1

14,000
17,500
40,000
17,500
89,000

N/A

N/A

3,400

22.0

74,800

200

250

50,000

14.6

N/A

40,000

1.5

204,780

40,000

0.5

68,260

74,800

12.3

323,040

52.8

508,98
5
101,79
7
610,78
250.9

83.3
16.7
100.0

Cooling Degree Hours

Cooling Degree Hours

Relative indicator of warmth

S: p. 1496, T.B.1

Cooling Degree Hours

Balance Point Temperature (BPT):
temperature above which cooling is
needed
CDH(BPT)= ODBT-BPT
If temperature (ODBT)=91F
CDH74
=ODBT-74
=91-74
=17 cooling degree-hours

Energy Performance Ratings

Performance Ratings
COP: coefficient of performance
EER: energy efficiency at full load
SEER: seasonal energy efficiency
ratio
Note:

SEERCOP x 3.413

Annual Fuel Consumption

Annual Fuel Usage (E)

E=
UA x CDH(BPT)
SEER
where:
UA: cooling load/F
CDH(BPT): degree hours for balance
point
SEER: seasonal energy efficiency rating

Calculating UA
QTotal= UA x T
UA= QTotal/T
From earlier example:
QTotal= Btuh
T= 95-75=20F
UA=610782/20= 30,539 Btuh/F

Annual Fuel Usage Example

Compare two systems to determine
what is the expected annual electrical
usage for an apartment in Salt Lake
City if its peak cooling load is 12,000
Btuh?
UA=Q/T
UA=12,000/20= 600 Btuh/F

Determine SEER
Obtain SEER from manufacturers data or
Convert COP to SEER
SEER: 5-15
For this example:
SEER1=6.8
SEER2=10.2

Annual Fuel Usage

Electricity
E=
UA x CDH74
SEER
E1 =(600)(9,898)/(6.8)
=873,353 wh/yr
=873 kwh/yr
If electricity is $0.0735/kwh, then
annual cost = $64

Annual Fuel Usage

Electricity
E=
UA x CDH74
SEER
E2 =(600)(9,898)/(10.2)
=582,235 wh/yr
=582 kwh/yr
If electricity is $0.0735/kwh, then
annual cost = $43

Simple Payback Analysis

Simple Payback
Cooling System Cost Comparison
First
Cost
($)

System 1
System 2

500
600

Simple Payback
Cooling System Cost Comparison
First

Annual Incremental

Cost Fuel Cost

($)
($/yr)

System 1 500
System 2 600

64
43

Incremental

Simple

First CostAnnual Savings Payback

($)
($/yr)
(yrs)

--100

--21

--4.8

Payback exceeds 3 years, select system 1

Other factors?