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Salient features of
mughal gardens
Ar.Shruti.H.Kapur
Common features of
Persian gardens
A high surrounding wall
Straight tile-lined
channels of water
Bubbling fountains
Trees for shade and fruit
A Pavilion or gazebo
Strong emphasis on
flowers in beds and pots
Chaharbagh
The quadrilateral garden is
divided by walkways or flowing
water into four smaller parts. [1]
In Persian, "Chr" means 'four'
and "bgh" means 'garden'.
Mughal gardens would
originally have taken advantage
of naturally occurring streams
flowing from the mountains,
channelling the water into
canals for pleasure and
decoration near to the palaces,
then flowing on down to
irrigate crops in adjacent fields.
Charbagh evolved into a unique
style of garden planning and
design that came to be known
as the Mughal garden
Khayabans
. One of the important
aspects of the garden
design is the raised
Khayabans (walkways).
They are approximately ten
feet higher than the ground.
The result being that, there
is no conflict between
vegetation and architecture.
One would only see tops of
flowers or trees while
walking on khayabans.
The garden givesthe
impression of a floral
carpet. We find a similar
concept in some of the
Spanish gardens as well.
Symbols
The Mughals were obsessed
with the use of symbols and
incorporated them into their
gardens in many ways.
Non-religious symbols and
ideas are also prevalent, with
elements from numerology
and astrology
The elements that the
Mughals introduced were
the.inclusion of tents,
carpets and canopies
reflecting nomadic roots.
Tents indicated status in these
societies, so wealth and power
were displayed through the
richness of the fabrics as well
as by size and number.
Numbers
Mughal gardens had a
raised hillock at the
center
The numbers eight and
nine were considered
auspicious by the
Mughals and can be
found in the number of
terraces or in garden
architecture such as
octagonal pool.
In Mughal miniatures,
cypresses can be seen
planted on four
corners of chabutras or
platforms.
Mughal flowers were
spring flowers. Lilles,
tulips, poppies,
anemones, cyclamen,
iris,violets were all
planted in Mughal
gardens. However,
during summer,
peonies,
jasmine,carnations,
roses, pinks
delphiniums and
hollyhocks were also
included.
Persian Gardens
INTRODUCTION
>The Persian gardens were created
as a model of paradise.
> Greater part of Persia was arid,
lacking water and vegetation.
>The concept of Persian garden was
definitely paradise like, fertile and
rich with fruits and flowers in
contrast to the draught, heat and
sun outside.
>It had order and tranquility.
>It can be identified as a place
where one could sit in shade and
Persian Gardens
relax, enjoy the sounds of the birds,
16
17
Persian Gardens
18
57 degrees
32 degrees
PLANTING IN PERSIAN
THE
PersianGARDENS,CHANGING
Gardens
MICROCLIMATE
20
SHADY TREES
SUCH AS CYPRUS
WATER STREAMS
Origin :
Persian gardens originated in 4000 BCE.
RIVERS
3
History:
These gardens are enclosed.
The main purpose behind building
such gardens was to provide
relaxation in different manners
such as spiritual,
leisurely (e.g. meetings with
friends).
Pairi daeza means enclosed space
in Persian language.
This Christian mythology adopted
this term to describe
the Garden of Eden or paradise on
earth.
Garden of Eden
Cyrus's garden
Water courses
Geometrical
plan
Meidan:
This is a public, formal garden which
emphasizes more on biotic elements than
structure.
Here we see bedding plants, trees, shrubs,
grasses, etc.
In this garden also the elements like
gravel pathways, pools divide the lawns.
The shade providing structures pavilions
are also built.
Chahar Bagh:
These gardens are formal and private.
The garden structure mainly consists of four
quadrants divided by pathways and
waterways.
This garden has a balanced structure with
proper pathways and greenery or plants
around the periphery of the pool.
Park:
Bagh:
Like other casual gardens, it focuses on natural and green aspects of nature.
These gardens are often attached to houses consisting of trees, lawns and ground plants.
It gives less emphasis on waterways and pathways.
The primary aim is familial relaxation.
Elements of Persian
Gardens
The important Persian garden elements are
sunlight, shade, water, buildings.
These elements provide relaxation in
different manners such as spiritual,
leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends) etc.
which is the primary aim of Persian garden
which is considered as a paradise on earth.
The Persian gardens often connect internal
yard gardens with the surrounding outward
gardens.
Sunlight :
The important factor to be
considered while designing the
Persian garden is sunlight and its
effects in the garden.
Architects arranged the samples
and forms from the rays of light to
restrain the sunlight.
The specific textures and shapes
were chosen by the experienced
architects to harness the light.
Shade:
The shade is also very important due to the
dry heat of Iran.
The Persian gardens includes trees,
shrubs and trellises which work as biotic
shades to provide protection from strong
sunrays.
In these gardens we can see large number
of big shade trees, fruit and flower trees as
well.
Walls and pavilions are also important in
blocking the harsh sunrays.
Mostly cypress trees are found .
Water:
In desert regions, there are many dry areas beside the many
forests, therefore water comes as the next important element
in the Persian garden.
The underground water canals are built on slopes to
facilitate either natural or the artificial flow of water
(waterfalls).
It is assumed that this style of irrigation is thousand years
old.
This style works in the best way and widely used even in
modern gardening styles.
For this purpose of moving water around the surface water
systems.
Trees are planted in a ditch called a jub, to prevent water
evaporation and allow quick access of water to the tree roots.
JUB
(DITCH)
Buildings:
In many of the Persian gardens, buildings of splendour,
brick works and pavilions are seen.
Here we also get to see the different structural designs
like royal palaces, mansions, temples, etc.
Iranian architects used to build domes on square
buildings very skilfully.
These enhance the beauty of these gardens.
In Persian gardens, beautiful arches were constructed.
In front of many mansions and palaces of these gardens,
the water fountains were placed as the source of cool,
peaceful atmosphere and pleasure.
The beautiful types of glasses (e.g. stain glasses) were
used for windows and other glass works.
Characteristic features of
Persian gardens:
CASE STUDY
Fin Garden,Kashan
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