CHEE 305:

Transport
Phenomena
Chapter 5: Conservation Principles
William M. Chirdon, Ph.D.

Chapter 5 Homework: due 10/22/15

Read Ch 5, including examples
Problems:1, 8, 12, 17, 20, 22, 42, 64, 70

Homework

Conservation Principles are applied to a system.

A system is a defined region or volume of fluid

Conservation Principles

 Mass
Energy
Momentum

Conservation Principles

And at steady state:

Mass Balance

Micro-Mass Balance

Divide by the volume of the element = (dx dy dz)

to get the continuity equation

If incompressible:
(for use later)

Micro-Mass Balance

Quick Note:
Thermodynamic sign conventions vary from text to text
For this course:
Heat added to the system is positive
Heat lost by the system is negative
Work done by the system is positive
Work done on the system is negative

Energy Balance

Conservation of Energy for any System:

h = enthalpy = u + P/
u = internal energy (temperature)
g z = potential energy
V 2/2 = kinetic energy

Energy Balance

Conservation of Energy for any System:

For one inlet, one outlet:

Differential form:

Energy Balance

For irreversible, non-equilibrium, dynamic systems:

Reversible vs Irreversible
Thermodynamics

Irreversible Effects

Bernoulli Equation

If incompressible:
All terms have length units after dividing by g,
and can be thought of as heads
contains a pressure head and static head
Kinetic energy can be described as a velocity head
Friction loss becomes head loss
Work becomes work/pump head

Bernoulli Equation

Equations are derived on plug flow, but that is not realistic

Kinetic Energy Correction

Flow is more likely to be laminar as shown below

or it may be turbulent (highly chaotic)

Kinetic Energy Correction

 = 2 for laminar conditions

1.06 1 for turbulent conditions

Kinetic Energy Correction

For one mass flow rate in equal to a mass flow rate out:

Note: Balance applies to each direction (x,y,z)

Conservation-Momentum

Relates Force
and acceleration

Momentum 1-D differential eqn

Momentum 1-D differential eqn

Error in
text

dz
Stress by fluid on wall

Momentum 1-D differential eqn

Integrating from inlet to outlet at steady-state:

Momentum Balance

Hydraulic
Diameter

Wetted
Perimeter

Energy Loss

 Can find energy loss from loss coefficient: Kf

Multiple losses can simply be summed

Can describe frictional loss by Fanning friction factor: f
(which is a simple conversion to other friction factor conventions, such as Darcy, etc.)

Energy Loss

Energy Loss-Pipe

 = angular velocity
I = moment of inertia with regard to rotational center

Angular Momentum, L

Assuming steady-state mass (mass in = mass out):

= torque

Angular Momentum Balance

Absolute
Velocity

System
Velocity

Relative
Velocity

Moving Systems

Appendix E:
For Laminar,
Newtonian:

Micro-Momentum Balance

Which terms drop out with a steady-state assumption?

Navier-Stokes Equations

Note:
Velocity/stress only in x-direction

From Continuity Equation:

(because there is no vy or vz )

From x-component of momentum balance:

Project g to x-direction

Ex 5-9: Flow down inclined plane

Assume Newtonian to replace with dvx/dy:

Then integrate in y-direction across

to get parabolic velocity distribution:

Volumetric flow rate:

Ex 5-9: Flow down inclined plane

Reynolds #:
Fanning FF:

Ex 5-9: Flow down inclined plane