CPSC441

Computer
Communication

Jan 5, 1998

CMPN 369

Page 1

What this Course is About?

Provide an introduction to modern

telecommunications and computer
networks, including information
about :
-

the physical characteristics of

current transmission media
layered protocol hierarchies
commonly used for the organization
of modern networks
standards and protocols for several
of these layers.

Topics
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PHYSICAL
LAYER
3. DATA LINK
LAYER
4. NETWORK
LAYER
5. TRANSPORT
LAYER
6. APPLICATION
LAYER
7. TCP/IP
SECURITY

Topics
1. INTRODUCTION
1.
2.

HISTORY
TYPES OF NETWORKS: LAN, WAN

3.

TYPES OF NETWORKS: Client - Server,

Peer to Peer

4.

THEORETICAL NETWORK: OSI model,

TCP/IP model

5.

EXAMPLES OF NETWORKS, SERVICES

2.

PHYSICAL LAYER

3.

DATA LINK LAYER

4.

NETWORK LAYER

5.

TRANSPORT LAYER

6.

APPLICATION LAYER

7.

TCP/IP SECURITY

Topics
1.

INTRODUCTION

2. PHYSICAL LAYER
1.
2.
3.

SOME PHYSICS
TRANSMISSION MEDIA,
MODULATION
TELEPHONE SYSTEM, MODEMS

4.

BASEBAND, BROADBAND
TRANSMISSION

5.

ATM TRANSMISSION

3.

DATA LINK LAYER

4.

NETWORK LAYER

5.

TRANSPORT LAYER

6.

APPLICATION LAYER

7.

TCP/IP SECURITY

Topics
1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

PHYSICAL LAYER

3. DATA LINK LAYER

1.
2.

FRAMES, FRAME MANAGEMENT

ERROR CHECKING

3.

DATA LINK PROTOCOLS

4.

EXAMPLES: ETHERNET, TOKEN RING,

others

4.

NETWORK LAYER

5.

TRANSPORT LAYER

6.

APPLICATION LAYER

7.

TCP/IP SECURITY

Topics
1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

PHYSICAL LAYER

3.

DATA LINK LAYER

4.

NETWORK LAYER
1.

ROUTING, ROUTING
PROTOCOLS

2.

IP ADDRESSING, SUBNETS,
NETMASK

5.

TRANSPORT LAYER

6.

APPLICATION LAYER

7.

TCP/IP SECURITY

Topics
1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

PHYSICAL LAYER

3.

DATA LINK LAYER

4.

NETWORK LAYER

5. TRANSPORT LAYER
1.

TCP, UDP protocols

2.

SOCKET PROGRAMMING

6.

APPLICATION LAYER

7.

TCP/IP SECURITY

Topics
1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

PHYSICAL LAYER

3.

DATA LINK LAYER

4.

NETWORK LAYER

5.

TRANSPORT LAYER

6.

APPLICATION LAYER

7.

1.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

2.

BASIC INTERNET
SERVICES

TCP/IP SECURITY

Topics
1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

PHYSICAL LAYER

3.

DATA LINK LAYER

4.

NETWORK LAYER

5.

TRANSPORT LAYER

6.

APPLICATION LAYER

7.

TCP/IP SECURITY
1.

INTRO TO CRYPTOGRAPHY

2.

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

3.

FIREWALLS

Quotes
Computers in the future may
weigh no more than 1.5 tons
I think there is a world market
for maybe five computers.
Thomas Watson Chairman of IBM 1943

There is no reason anyone

would want a computer in their
home Ken Olson president DEC 1977
640K ought to be enough for
anybody Bill Gates 1981

History of Data
Communications
Communications
industry was already
established at the
beginning of the
computer era.
First type of data
communication was
terminals attached to
mainframes via modems
and telephone lines.

History of Data
Communications
Development of SemiAutomatic Business
Research Environment
(SABRE)
Development of Packet
Distribution Network
(PDN), allowed Advanced
Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) to develop
ARPANET.

History of Data
Communications
Development of other
Proprietary Computer
Networks (works on one
manufacturers equipment)
Systems Network Architecture
(SNA) developed by IBM
Decnet Developed by Digital
Telnet developed by General
Telephone and Electronics
(GTE)

Historical Events
1948 first commercial
computer installed UNIVAC I
1958 first U.S. communication
satellite
1964 SABRE airline reservation
system packet switching
network (purposed by RAND)
1969 ARPANET first packet
switching network begins
operation

Historical Events
1971 first computer chip
4 bit, 2,300 transistors

1972 Ethernet
specifications formulated
1974 IBM introduces SNA
1975 Altair 8800 first
commercial
microcomputer sold as kit

Historical Events
1975 Paul Alan / Bill Gates
wrote a BASIC language
interpreter for the Altair,
they formed Microsoft
1976 Woznaik and Jobs
built Apple I and formed
Apple Computer Company
1979 VisiCalc first
commercial spread sheet
introduced

Historical Events
1981 IBM introduced IBM
PC one floppy
1983 TCP/IP becomes the
official protocol on
ARPANET
1984 Apple introduced GUI
with Apple Macintosh
1986 PC Convertible (first
laptop (luggable))

Historical Events
1988 OS/2 shipped by IBM first
multitasking operating system
for PC 1989 Intel releases 486
1989 Microsoft releases
Windows 3.0 1991
1989 NSF replaces ARPANET
as internet backbone
1991 WWW invented by CERN
physicist Tim Berners-Lee

Historical Events
1992 Mosaic release first
GUI web browser
1995 Netscape goes from
startup to $2.9 billion in
one year
2000 .com melt down

Data Communications
Data Communications

Terminal to Computer

Local Area Networks

Client Server

Computer to Computer

Wide Area Networks

Peer to Peer

PC as an Information
tool
Local Area Network (LAN)
number of computers
connected together
usually a small geographical
area
- office, floor, classroom

share resources (software,

hardware)

PC as an Information
Tool
Wide Area Network (WAN)
connection of LANs
connected by wire, microwave,
satellite

Resource Sharing
Sharing of Information
Types
- Mission critical data
- Frequently used data (form
letters)
- Policy / procedure manuals

Who needs what access

- update
- read only

Information Sharing
What information is vital to
your organization
What information do you
need to keep consistent, or
restricted, or in one place
for everyone to access
Consider how a network
(centralized control) would
help

Hardware Sharing
Allows sharing of devices
such as:
Printers
Fax modems
Scanners
Disk drives
CD ROM's
Tape Backup units
Plotters

Software Sharing
Software need not be
installed on every
computer
One install, one central
location for updates
Consistent configuration
Grant or deny access to a
program

Software Sharing
License considerations
single user
license per user
site license

Backup
Backup of central server or
disk
Hard to backup a number
of stand alone computers
Usually backup of
workstation is
responsibility of the user

Computer Roles in a
Network
Clients
use network resources
provide no resources to the
network
run their own operating system

Servers
provide resources to the
network

Peers
use and provide services

Operating systems
Server
Novel NetWare
Windows NT

Client
Windows 2000
DOS
OS/2

Peer
Windows 2000

Categories of
Networks
Client / Server
contains clients and supporting
servers
may be dedicated or non
dedicated
server centric
network centric

Categories of
Networks
Peer to Peer
network of computers sharing
resources with no dedicated
server

Server Based
Networks
Advantages
Strong central security
Central file storage (backup,
data organization)
Share hardware and software
Optimize dedicated servers for
special purpose
Less intrusive security (network
centric)
manages shared resources
manages users

Server Based
Networks
Disadvantages
Expensive hardware
Expensive software
Dedicated network
administrator

Peer to Peer
Advantages
no extra hardware or software
easy setup
no network administrator
users control resource sharing
no reliance on other computers
for their operation
lower cost for small networks

Peer to Peer
Disadvantages
additional load on computers
because of resource sharing
smaller networks
lack of central organization,
harder to find data
no central point of storage
(backup)
user administer their network
weak security
no central management

Peer Security /
Server Security
Peer to Peer
less secure than client server
security is controlled by access
to a share directory (password)
each resource requires a
separate password
cannot distinguish between
users

Client / Server
network logins
permissions granted to users for
files / resources

Home Network
Applications (2)
In peer-to-peer system
there are no fixed clients
and servers.

Selecting the Network

type

Cost
Expertise
Security issues
Number of work stations
Types of applications

Types of servers
Servers can designed for a
specialized purpose
file servers
print servers
Application servers
Message servers
database servers
Web servers

One server (hardware /

software) may perform one
or more functions

File Servers
Offer services that allow
users to share files
Typical operating systems
Novel NetWare, Windows NT

Services include
file transfer
file storage and data migration
file update synchronization
file archiving

File Servers
File Transfer
The ability to transfer files
from one computer to
another
Need for security (who has
what access to which files)
Historical done by sneaker
net

File Servers
File Storage and Data
Migration
Vast amounts of data is
stored (exabytes)
Must be able to efficiently
manage the storage of this
data
Categories of file storage
Online storage
Offline storage

File Storage
Online
Online storage consists
mostly of hard drives
Online information is
immediately available

File Storage
Offline
Offline storage include
media such as tape, optical
disk
High capacity, low price
Not immediately available
Need for operator
intervention
Best for rarely used data
(backup)

File Server
File Archiving
Process of backing up files
on offline devices
Most systems backup file
server data
Some backup client
workstations
Usually the backup of the
client (workstation) is the
users responsibility

Print Servers
Manages and controls
printing on the network
allows users to share printers
place printers where convenient
better workstation performance
by using high speed data
transfer, print queues and
spooling
ability to send and receive faxes
directly from the work station

Application Servers
Allow sharing of extra
computing of expensive
software applications that
reside on a shared
computer

Message Servers
Message services
coordinate interactions
between users, documents
and applications
Interactions may be
graphics, audio, video, etc.
Types of message services
Electronic mail
Workgroup applications
Object oriented
Directory services

Database Servers
Allows relatively weak
clients to access powerful
database capabilities
Usually runs in a client
server model
Client runs interface
Server runs database
operations such as
managing the database
processing queries

Network Topology
The way in which
connections between
devices in a network is
called the topology

Network Topology
Bus
1

Components connected
together by one or more wires
Passive topology no active
electronics
Messages sent by one node
are received by all
Only the node to which the
message is addressed
accepts the message

Network Topology
Bus
Only one node can
transmit at one time
A bus topology must be
terminated
An unterminated bus will
cause the signal to echo
back (ringing)
1

Network Topology
Bus
Advantages
Simple, reliable in small
networks
Easy to use
Requires least amount of cable
Easy to extend
Can be extended by using a
repeater

Network Topology
Bus
Disadvantages
Degrades with heavy traffic
Each connector weakens the
signal
Difficult to troubleshoot

Network Topology
Star
Cables run from central
hub to each computer
Each node communicates
with central hub
Central hub can resend
message to all nodes
(broadcast star)
Central hub can resend
only to destination node
(switched star)

Network Topology
Star
Active hubs regenerate the
signal
Active hubs and switches
require power
Passive hubs such as
wiring panels or punch
down blocks act as a
connection point
Some hubs allow more
than on type of cable

Network Topology
Star
Advantages
Easy to modify
Easy to diagnose
Single computer failure does not
affect the rest of the network
Use multiple types of cables

Network Topology
Star
Disadvantages
Central hub is a single point of
failure
More costly

Network Topology
Ring
Each computer is
connected to the next in
line the last computer is
connected to the first
Most use token passing
Only the node with the
token can send a message

Network Topology
Ring
Advantages
Equal access to the network
Still functions under heavy load

Disadvantages
Failure of one computer could
cause of the failure of the ring
Difficult to troubleshoot
Adding or removing a node
disrupts the network
Usually more expensive

Network Topology
Mesh Networks
Advantages
Fault tolerant
Easy to troubleshoot

Disadvantages
Cost

Failure of one computer could cause of the failure

of the network avoided using

Logical/Physical Topologies

5
Physical Bus errors

Logical Bus
Physical Star OK

Failure of one computer could cause of the failure

of the network avoided using

Logical/Physical Topologies

5
4

Physical Ring errors

5
Logical Ring
Physical Star OK

4
3

What Goes Wrong in

the Network?
Bit-level errors (electrical
interference)
Packet-level errors
(congestion)
Link and node failures
Messages are delayed
Messages are deliver out-oforder
Third parties eavesdrop

Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies

Protocol Hierarchies

Example information flow

supporting virtual
communication in layer 5.

Connection-Oriented and
Connectionless Services
Six different types of
service.

Services to
Protocols
Relationship

OSI Model
The International
Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
began developing the
Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI)
model in 1977
It is now the most
accepted standard for
network modeling

OSI Model
Defines rules that apply to
the following issues
how network devices contact
each other
how network devices
communicate with each other
who has the right to transmit
data
are transmissions received
correctly and by the right node

OSI Model
Defines rules that apply to
the following issues
how physical media are
arranged and connected
ensure that network devices
maintain a proper rate of data
flow
how bits are represented on the
network media

OSI Model
Not implemented but many
models very close (SNA)
OSI model divides tasks
into seven layers
Layers are software and
hardware standards

OSI Model
The seven layers
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application

OSI Model
Protocol Stack
a group of protocols each
communicating with its
neighbour
Layer N receives information
from layer N-1 and provides
information to layer N+1
for computers to communicate
with each other both must be
running the same protocol stack

OSI Model
Protocol stack
each layer creates / uses
information used by / created
by its peer protocol
computers may be running
different operating system but
running the same protocol stack
- ie Mac running TCP/IP
communicating with DOS
running TCP/IP

A computer may run more than

one protocol stack at the same
time

OSI Model

Peer Level
Communication
Message sent from one
application to another
application on different
hosts
travels down the layers of the
sending machine
each layer adds a header to be
used by its corresponding
peer level
bottom layer (physical) sends
the message to the receiving
machine

Peer level
Communication
Sending Message
(continued)
received on receiving side
passed up through each
layer
each layer reads the
corresponding header

Peer Level
Communication

OSI Model: 7
Protocol Layers

1. Physical how to transmit bits

2. Data link how to transmit
frames
3. Network how to route packets
to the node
4. Transport how to send packets
to the application
5. Session manage connections
6. Presentation encode/decode
msgs, security
7. Application everything else!

Physical Layer
Physical is responsible for
sending bits from one
computer to another
Is not concerned with the
meaning of the bits
Defines electrical details
(what represents a 0 or 1)
Mechanical connections
shape and number of
connector

Physical Layer
What signals are sent on
which pins
Devices at the physical
layer
Simple Hubs (passive and
active)
Couplers , T connectors,
terminators, cables, and
cabling, repeaters
Transceivers on the (NIC)
Repeaters, multiplexers

Physical Layer
The following are
addressed at the physical
layer
Network connections
- multipoint, point to point

Physical topologies
- bus, star, or ring

Analog / digital signaling

Bit synchronization
Baseband / Broadband
Multiplexing

Data Link Layer

Provides for error free
transfer of FRAMES over a
single link from one device
to another
Link
the circuit established between
two adjacent nodes, with no
intervening nodes

Path
a group of links that allows a
message to move from origin to
destination

Links and paths

Data Link Layer

Adds Cyclic Redundancy
Check (CRC) to detect
damaged frames
Adds control information
frame type
segmentation details

Detects when a frame is

lost and asks for
retransmission

Data Link Layer

Broadcast networks
all devices on the LAN receive
the data transmission

Point to Point
only the destination computer
receives the message

Uses physical address

(NIC ID)

Data Link Layer

Split into two sublayers
Media Access Control (MAC)
-

Controls how devices share

the same media

Logical Link Control (LLC)

-

establishing and maintaining

links between communicating
devices
synchronization
flow control
error checking

Data Link Layer

Devices
Bridges
intelligent hubs
NICs

Network Layer
Makes routing decisions
for devices that are farther
than one link away
Translates logical address
into physical address
Routers work at the
network layer
Example: IP addressing

Transport Layer
Responsible for process to
process (end to end)
delivery of messages
Breaks messages into
segments
Can be Connection-type or
Connection-less. Example:
TCP or UDP

Session Layer
Allows applications on
different computers to
share a connection
Provides for checkpoints
(if a connection is lost only
the required info is resent
Dialog control who can
transmit

Presentation Layer
Handles the format of the
data
protocol conversion
data translation (ASCII)
Compression
Encryption

Application Layer
Provides services to
support user applications
such as
FTP (file transfer)
TELNET (remote login)
SMTP (simple mail transfer
protocol ) e-mail

OSI
Model

Subnet 2

Subnet 4

Gateway

Subnet 3

Subnet 2

Node

Subnet 1

Router

Subnet 1

Node
Application

AP

Creates a new end point;

allocates table space for it
within the transport layer

Socket
interface

Identification of
application (port #)
Transport
Network
Data Link

Identifies the
node
Frames

NA

NIC card; identified by NIC card

address

Node 0

AP0
Buffer hello

Socket
interface

Node 1

AP1
Buffer

Socket
interface

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

NA0

NA1

Node 0

Node 1

AP0
Buffer

hello

Socket
interface

AP1
hello

Buffer

Socket
interface

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

NA0

NA1

Node 0

Node 1

AP0

AP1

Buffer hello

Buffer

Socket
interface

Transport

Socket
interface

AP1 AP0 hello

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

NA0

NA1

Node 0

Node 1

AP0

AP1

Buffer hello

Buffer

Socket
interface

Socket
interface

Transport
Network
Data Link

NA0

Transport
Node 1

Node 0

AP1

AP0

hello

Network
Data Link

NA1

Node 0

Node 1

AP0

AP1

Buffer hello

Buffer

Socket
interface

Socket
interface

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Node 1
AP1

Node 0
AP0

Data Link

hello

NA0

NA1
Is Node 1 in my subnet?
YES

Node 0

Node 1

AP1

AP0
Buffer

hello

Buffer

Socket
interface

Socket
interface

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

NA0

NA1

NA0

Node 0 Node 1

AP1

AP0

Data Link

hello

NA1

Node 0

Node 1

AP0
Buffer

AP1

hello

Buffer

Socket
interface

hello

Socket
interface

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

NA0

NA1

NA1

NA0

Node 1 Node 0 AP1

AP0

hello

Node 0

Node 1

AP1

AP0
Buffer hello

Buffer

Socket
interface

Socket
interface

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Node X Node 0
AP1

NA0

AP0 hello

Is Node X in
my subnet?
NO

Data Link

Call
ROUTER

NA1

Backbone

Routing Tables

Router

Routing
tables

Subnet 30

Node
X

Router
Node
0

NAR0

Subnet 20
NAR0 NA0

Node X

Node 0

AP1

AP0

hello

Node
1

Gate
way
Backbone

Router
Routing Tables

Subnet 30
Router
Node
0

Node
1

Subnet 20

Reference Models

Reference Models
TCP / IP
Protocols and networks in
the TCP/IP model initially.

TCP/IP Model The Internet Layer

Packet-switching
network based on a
connectionless
internetwork layer
Permit hosts to
inject packets,
independent travel
to destination

Official packet format and protocol: IP

(Internet Protocol)
IP packets delivered where they are
supposed to go

TCP/IP Model The Transport Layer

Allows peers on
the source and
destination hosts
to carry on a
conversation.
Protocols: TCP
and UDP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
reliable, connection-oriented, error-free byte
stream delivering; handles flow control
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) unreliable,
connectionless; No TCPs flow control;
applications where prompt delivery more
important than accurate delivery (speech,
video, )

IEEE
Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers
defined standards relating
to the physical cabling and
data transmission relating
to the physical and Data
Link layers
802.x standards

Example Networks
The Internet
Connection-Oriented Networks:
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
Ethernet
Wireless LANs: 802:11

Architecture of the
Internet
Overview of the Internet.

ATM Virtual Circuits

ATM Virtual Circuits

(2)
An ATM cell.

The ATM Reference

Model
The ATM reference model.

The ATM Reference

Model

Ethernet

Wireless LANs

(a) Wireless networking with a base

station.
(b) Ad hoc networking.

Wireless LANs (2)

Wireless LANs (3)