Principles of

Management
Introduction to Managers and
Management
By: Kalpana Ambepitiya
MBA (Finance) (IGNOU-India), MPA (Colombo-Sri Lanka), PGD (Finance) (IGNOU-India),
PGD (Management) (IGNOU-India), BBMgmt Hons (Marketing) (Kelaniya-Sri Lanka)

Why Study Management?

The better you can work with people, the

more successful you will be in both your
personal and your professional life.

Employers want to hire employees

who can participate in managing
the firm.
Even non-managers are being trained
to perform management
functions.

The performance of
organizations depends to a large
extent on how their resources
are allocated and their ability to
adapt to changing conditions.
Successful organizations know
how to manage people and
resources efficiently to
accomplish organizational goals
and to keep those goals in tune
with changes in the external
environment.

Why Study Management?

(contd)

The study of management builds the skills

needed in todays workplace to succeed in:

Becoming a partner in managing your organization

through participative management.
Working in a team and sharing in decision making and
other management tasks.

The study of management also applies directly to

your personal life in helping you to:

Communicate with and interact with people every day.

Make personal plans and decisions, set goals,
prioritize what you will do, and get others to do things
for you.

What is a Managers
Responsibility?

Manager

The Managers Resources

The individual responsible for achieving

organizational objectives through efficient and
effective utilization of resources.
Human, financial, physical, and informational

Performance

Means of evaluating how effectively and

efficiently managers use resources to achieve
objectives.

13

Management Key Concepts

Organizations: People working

together and coordinating their actions
to achieve specific goals.
Goal: A desired future condition that the
organization seeks to achieve.
Management: The process of using
organizational resources to achieve the
organizations goals by...

Planning, Organizing, Leading, and

Controlling

Achieving High
Performance

15

Organizations must provide a good

or service desired by its customers.
Customer expectation: Durability,
Value for money, availability
performance etc.
Physicians, nurses and health care
administrators seek to provide healing
from sickness.
McDonalds restaurants provide
burgers, fries and shakes that people
want to buy.

Organizational
Performance
how efficiently and effectively
managers use resources to satisfy
customers and achieve goals.

16

Measures

Efficiency: A measure of how well resources

are used to achieve a goal.
Usually, managers must try to minimize the
input of resources to attain the same goal.
Effectiveness: A measure of the
appropriateness of the goals chosen (are these
the right goals?), and the degree to which they
are achieved.
Organizations are more effective when
managers choose the correct goals and then
achieve them.

Management is

Getting
Getting work
work
done
done through
through
others
others

Efficiency
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Effectiveness

d
n
a
y
c
Efficien
s
s
e
n
e
v
i
Effect

Managerial Functions
Henri

Fayol was the first to describe the four

managerial functions when he was the CEO
of a large mining company in the later
1800s.
Fayol noted managers at all levels,
operating in a for profit or not for profit
organization, must perform each of the
functions of:
Planning,
organizing,
leading,
controlling.

Four Functions of Management

Planning
Choose Goals

Controlling

Organizing

Monitor & measure

Working together

Leading
Coordinate

Planning
Planning is the process used by
managers to identify and select
appropriate goals and courses of action
for an organization.
3 steps to good planning :
1. Which goals should be pursued?
2. How should the goal be attained?
3. How should resources be allocated?

The planning function determines

how effective and efficient the
organization is and determines the
strategy of the organization.

Organizing
In organizing, managers create the structure
of working relationships between
organizational members that best allows
them to work together and achieve goals.
Managers will group people into departments
according to the tasks performed.

Managers will also lay out lines of authority

and responsibility for members.

An organizational structure is the outcome of

organizing. This structure coordinates and
motivates employees so that they work
together to achieve goals.

Leading
In

leading, managers determine

direction, state a clear vision for
employees to follow, and help employees
understand the role they play in attaining
goals.
Leadership involves a manager using
power, influence, vision, persuasion, and
communication skills.
The outcome of the leading function is a
high level of motivation and commitment
from employees to the organization.

Controlling
In controlling, managers evaluate how well the
organization is achieving its goals and takes
corrective action to improve performance.
Managers will monitor individuals,
departments, and the organization to
determine if desired performance has been
reached.
Managers will also take action to increase
performance as required.
The outcome of the controlling function is the
accurate measurement of performance and
regulation of efficiency and effectiveness.

Management Levels
Organizations

often have 3 levels of managers:

First-line Managers: responsible for day-to-day

operation. They supervise the people performing
the activities required to make the good or service.
Middle Managers: Supervise first-line managers.
They are also responsible to find the best way to
use departmental resources to achieve goals.
Top Managers: Responsible for the performance of
all departments and have cross-departmental
responsibility. They establish organizational goals
and monitor middle managers.

Three Levels of
Management
Strategic
Managers

Middle
Managers
Knowledge Managers
Operations managers

Managerial Roles
Described

by Mintzberg.

A role is a set of specific tasks a person

performs because of the position they
hold.

Roles

are directed inside as well

as outside the organization.
There are 3 broad role categories:
1. Interpersonal
2. Informational
3. Decisional

Interpersonal Roles
Managers

assume to coordinate and

interact with employees and provide
direction to the organization.

Figurehead role: symbolizes the

organization and what it is trying to achieve.
Leader role: train, counsel, mentor and
encourage high employee performance.
Liaison role: link and coordinate people
inside and outside the organization to help
achieve goals.

Informational Roles
Associated

with the tasks needed to

obtain and transmit information for
management of the organization.

Monitor role: analyzes information from

both the internal and external environment.
Disseminator role: manager transmits
information to influence attitudes and
behavior of employees.
Spokesperson role: use of information to
positively influence the way people in and
out of the organization respond to it.

Decisional Roles
Associated

with the methods

managers use to plan strategy and
utilize resources to achieve goals.

Entrepreneur role: deciding upon new projects

or programs to initiate and invest.
Disturbance handler role: assume
responsibility for handling an unexpected event
or crisis.
Resource allocator role: assign resources
between functions and divisions, set budgets of
lower managers.
Negotiator role: seeks to negotiate solutions
between other managers, unions, customers, or
shareholders.

Management as a set of
skills

The four basic management functions

require a set of skills to be carried
out properly.

Because most managerial tasks are

unique, ambiguous, and situationspecific, there is best way to
approach them.

McGraw-Hill

1-23

Management Challenges

Increasing number of global

organizations.
Building competitive advantage through
superior efficiency, quality, innovation,
and responsiveness.
Increasing performance while remaining
ethical managers.
Managing an increasingly diverse work
force.
Using new technologies.

Management as a set of skills

Four major categories of skills will help you become a

good manager:
Strategic Skills - the ability to see the big picture, focus
on key objectives without getting mired in details, and having
a sense what is happening inside and outside the company.
Task-Related Skills - the ability to define the best approach
to accomplish personal and organizational objectives. They
include consideration of all resources, including time,
organizational structure, financial resources, and people. They
also involve the ability to prioritize, remain flexible to make
necessary changes, and ensure that value is being created

Management as a set of skills

People-Related Skills - getting work done through
others and with others. Include the ability to delegate
tasks, share information, resolve conflicts, be a team
player, and work with people from very different
backgrounds
Self-Awareness Skills - Being aware of your personal
characteristics can help you adapt to others and can help
you understand why you react to them the way you do.
These skills can help you to avoid rushed judgments,
appreciate the degree of particular situations, size up
opportunities, capitalize on your personal strengths, and
avoid situations in which you are likely to fail.

Skills for Managerial

Success
Task Skills
Strategic Skills

Environmental
assessment scanning
Strategy formulation
Mapping strategic
intent and defining
mission
Strategy
implementation
Human resource
congruency

Setting and
prioritizing objectives
Developing plan of
action and
implementation
Responding in a
flexible manner
Creating value
Working through the
organizational
structure
Allocating human
resources
Managing time
efficiently

Skills for Managerial

Success
(continued)

People Skills

Delegating
Influencing
Motivating
Handling conflict
Win-win negotiating
Networking
Communicating
Verbal
Nonverbal
Listening
Cross-cultural
management
Heterogeneous
teamwork

Self-Awareness Skills

Personal adaptability
Understanding personal
biases
Internal control

Management Trends
Empowerment:

expand the
tasks and responsibilities of
workers.

Supervisors might be empowered to

make some resource allocation
decisions.

Self-managed

teams: give a
group of employees responsibility
for supervising their own actions.

The team can monitor its members and

the quality of the work performed.

Thank you !