Lecture 10

Ch26. Ohms Law

University Physics: Waves and Electricity

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul
http://zitompul.wordpress.com
2013

Homework 8
A rectangular block of iron has dimensions 1.2 cm 1.2 cm
15 cm. The temperature of the surrounding air is 20C. A
potential difference is to be applied to the block between
parallel sides.
(a) What is the resistance of the block if the two parallel sides
are the square ends (with dimensions 1.2 cm 1.2 cm)?
(b) The temperature of the iron block increases up to 35C due
to the flowing current. What is the resistance of the block
now?

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/2

Solution of Homework 8
15
2
1.

1.2

cm)
(a) A (1.2 cm)(1.2
1.44 cm 2
1.44 104 m 2
L 15 cm
0.15 m

iron 10 108 m
L
R iron
A
(0.15)
(10 108 )
(1.44 104 )
1.042 104
104.2
Erwin Sitompul

(b)

5 10 3 (C) 1
iron iron,0 1 iron (T T0 )
(10 108 ) 1 (5 103 )(35 20)
(10 108 )(1.075)
10.75 108 m
L
A
(10.75 108 )

R iron

(0.15)
(1.44 104 )
1.120 104

112
University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/3

Ohms Law
As we just discussed, a resistor is a conductor with a
specified resistance. It has that same resistance no matter
what the magnitude and direction (polarity) of the applied
potential difference are.
Other conducting devices, however, might have resistance
that change with the applied potential difference.
First, we must define how to assign polarity to a terminal and
how to describe current direction.
The terminal with higher potential is
given a positive sign, while the
terminal with lower potential is given
a negative sign.
The current will flow from higher
potential to lower potential. This is
taken as direction of positive current.
Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/4

Ohms Law
The i-V plot of a 1000 resistor
is shown next.
The slope of the line (i/V) is the
same for all V.
This means that the resistance
of the device is independent of
the magnitude and polarity of V.
The i-V plot of a pn junction
diode is shown next.
The relation between i and V is
not linear. The slope of the line
(i/V) varies throughout V.
This means that the resistance
of the device depends on the
Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/5

Ohms Law
Ohms law:
A conducting device obeys Ohms law when the resistance of
the device is independent of the magnitude and polarity of the
applied potential difference. Otherwise, it does not obey
Ohms law.
Resistors obey the Ohms law.
Diodes do not obey the Ohms law.

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/6

Power in Electric Circuits

The figure below shows a circuit consisting of
a battery, connected by wires to an
unspecified conducting device.
The wires are assumed to have negligible
resistance.
The unspecified device might be a resistor, a
rechargeable battery, a motor, or some other
device.
electrical
The rate at
which energy is transferred from the battery to the
unspecified device is given by:
P Vi
Rate of electrical energy transfer

1 watt 1 W 1 V A 1 volt ampere

W Pt

Electrical energy transfer or electrical work

1 joule 1 J 1 W s 1 watt
s ..... kWh
Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/7

Power in Electric Circuits

The principle of conservation of energy tells
us that the decrease in electric potential
energy from a to b is accompanied by a
transfer of energy to some other form.
If the unspecified device is a motor, the
energy is transferred as work done on the
load.
If the device is a rechargeable battery that is being charged,
the energy is transferred to stored chemical energy in the
storage battery.
If the device is a resistor, the energy is transferred to internal
thermal energy, tending to increase the resistors
2
temperature.
V
P i2 R
P
Resistive dissipation (energy lost)
R
Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/8

Checkpoint
A potential difference V is connected across a device with
resistance R, causing current i through the device.
Rank the following variations according to the change in the
rate at which electrical energy is converted to thermal energy
due to the resistance, greatest change first:
(a) V is doubled with R unchanged
(a) and (b) tie, (d), (c)
(b) i is doubled with R unchanged
(c) R is doubled with V unchanged
(2
V )2
V2
(d) R is doubled with
i
unchanged
P
4
4P
a

V2 2
P0
i R
R

0
R
R
Pb (2i) 2 R 4i 2 R 4P0

V2
V2
Pc
0.5
0.5P0
2R
R
Pd i 2 (2 R ) 2i 2 R 2P0

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity

10/9

Example
You are given a length of uniform heating wire made of a
nickel-chromium-iron alloy called Nichrome. It has a resistance
R of 72 . At what rate is energy dissipated in each of the
following situations?
(1) A potential difference of 120 V is applied across the full
length of the wire.
(2) The wire is cut in half, and a potential difference of 120 V is
applied
across
the length of each half.
2
2
P1

V
(120)
200 W

R
72

The power dissipated by the

wire cut in half is four times
the power dissipated by the
V2 V2
V2
(120) 2
800 W full wire.
P2 1 1 4
4
R 2R
R
72
2
Advantage: The heating time
reduced to one-fourth.
Disadvantage: The current is
mayand
destroy
the 10/10
Erwin Sitompul
Universitydoubled,
Physics: Wave
Electricity

Electricity Rates

Daily electricity consumption of a household (tariff group R-2)

Air conditioner, 850 W, 8 hour
6.80 kWh
Lights, 8 x 25 W, 12 hours
2.40 kWh
Television, 180 W, 18 hours
3.24 kWh
Erwin Sitompul

University
Physics: Wave and Electricity
12.44 kWh
Rp11,000

10/11

Lecture 10

Ch27. Circuit Theory

University Physics: Waves and Electricity

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul
http://zitompul.wordpress.com

Work, Energy, and Emf

Charge carriers will only flow through a conductor if we
establish a potential difference between its two ends.
To produce a steady flow of charge, we need a charge
pump, a device that maintains a potential difference between
a pair of terminals by doing work and the charge carriers.
Such a device is called an electromotive force device (emf
device).
Emf devices come in various kinds. All transform one source
of energy into electrical energy.
A common emf device is the battery, electric generator, solar
cells, and fuel cells.

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University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/13

Work, Energy, and Emf

b

The battery operates as a pump that

moves positive charges from lower ()
to higher (+) electric potential.
i

a
i

Vb

iR

Va

Water Analogy
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University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/14

Energy Transfers in the Circuit

A and B are two ideal rechargeable batteries, R is a

resistance, and M is an electric motor that can lift an
object.
EB > EA, so battery B determines the direction of
current.
Battery B is charging battery A. It also provides energy
Erwin Sitompul
University
Physics:
Wave and
to motor M and energy that
is being
dissipated
byElectricity

10/15

Single-Loop Circuit

Circuit Loop

Hiking Loop

Suppose we start at any point in the circuit above and

proceed in either direction.
As we move, we add algebraically the potential differences
that we encounter.
When we return to our starting point, we must also have
returned to our starting potential.

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/16

Single-Loop Circuit
Loop Rule: The algebraic sum of the
changes in potential encountered in a
complete path of any loop of a circuit
be zero.
must
Resistance
Rule: For a move
through a resistance in the direction
of the current, the change in
potential is iR (downhill); in the
opposite direction +iR (uphill)
Emf Rule: For a move through an
ideal emf device in the direction of
the emf arrow, the change in
+E; instarting
the opposite
potential
Clockwiseismove,
from a
E iR E.
0
direction
Counterclockwise move, starting from a

iR E 0

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/17

Checkpoint
The figure shows the current i in a single-loop circuit with a
battery B and a resistance R (and wires of negligible
resistance).
(a) Should the emf arrow at B be drawn pointing leftward or
rightward?
Rightward, the same as
the direction of current
E
At points a, b, and c, rank (greatest first):
(b) The magnitude of the current All the same
b, then a and c tie
(c) The electric potential

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/18

Ideal and Real Battery

The figure below left shows a real battery, with internal
resistance r, wired to an external resistor of resistance R.
The internal resistance r of the battery is the electrical
resistance of the materials that build the battery and thus
unremovable.
If we apply the loop rule clockwise beginning at point a, the
E
E ir iR
0 i give us: For ideal battery, r = 0
changes
in potential
Rr
In ideal battery, there is no
potential drop across the battery

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/19

Resistance in Series and in Parallel

Req R1 R2 R3

Req Ri
i 1

Resistance in Series

1
1 1
1

Req R1 R2 R3

n
1
1

Req i 1 Ri

Resistance in Parallel
Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/20

Checkpoint
Consider a circuit with an ideal battery and four identical light
bulbs connected a shown in the figure. Initially, the switch S is
open. Then, the switch is closed.
S open
Req RA RB RD 3R
What happens to light bulb A?
iopen

E
E
E
0.333

R
Req
3R

S closed

Req RA RB P RC RD 2 12 R
The lamps have identical
resistance of R
P = Vi = i2R (brightness)

iclosed

E
E
E
1 0.4
Req 2 2 R
R

iA,closed > iA,open

Light bulb A becomes brighter when S is closed.

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/21

Trivia: Switching Theory

There is a room with one locked door and closed windows.
Inside the room is a light bulb. Outside the room there are
three switches.
You are allowed to flip any switches as many times as you
wish. But, you may only open the door and enter the room
once.
How do you find out which switch turns on the light?

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/22

Potential Difference Between Two Points

To find the potential between any two points in a circuit, we
start at one point and go through the circuit to the other point,
following any path.
Along the way, the changes in potential we encounter must
be added algebraically.
The voltage difference is independent of the path chosen.
Req R1 R2 R3
10 5 9
24
E 12
i
0.5 A

Req 24

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/23

Potential Difference Between Two Points

0.5 A

Clockwise cw
Counterclockwise ccw
a b, cw

Va 12 Vb
Va Vb 12
Vab 12 V

a b, ccw

b d, cw

Vb iR1 iR2 Vd
Vb Vd i ( R1 R2 )
Vb Vd 0.5(10 5)
Vbd 7.5 V

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b d, ccw

Va iR3 iR2 iR1 Vb

Va Vb iR3 iR2 iR1
Va Vb 0.5(9 5 10)
Vab 12 V

Vb E iR3 Vd
Vb Vd E iR3
Vb Vd 12 (0.5)(9)
Vbd 7.5 V

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/24

Potential Difference Across a Battery

The value given to E indicates the difference between the
positive terminal and negative term of a battery.
E1 6 V

Va Vb 6 V

E2 8 V

+
a

Vb Va 8 V

E3 2 V

a
Erwin Sitompul

Va Vb 2 V
b

Vb Va 2 V
University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/25

Ammeter and Voltmeter

An instrument used to measure current is called an ammeter.
It should be connected serially, means the current to be
measured must pass through the meter.
An instrument used to measure potential difference is called a
voltmeter. To find the potential difference between any two
points, the voltmeter should be connected in parallel, means
the voltmeter terminals are connected between those points.

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/26

Homework 9
(a) Find the equivalent resistance between points a and b in
the circuit diagram below.
(b) Calculate the current in each resistor if a potential
difference of 34 V is applied between points a and b.

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/27

Homework 9A
1. Find the equivalent resistance
between nodes a and b for the
circuit shown below.
R1 = R9 = R10 = 2
R3 = R5 = R7 = R11 = 4
R2 = R4 = R6 = R8 = 10

2. A circuit containing five resistors

connected to a battery with a 12 V
emf is shown below. What is the
potential difference across the 5
resistor? What is the current
flowing through the 12 resistor?
Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/28

Homework 9B
1. If the emf of the battery is 6.60 V and the
current flowing through the 4.00- resistor at
the bottom is 0.78 A, determine the value of
unknown resistors R.

Erwin Sitompul

University Physics: Wave and Electricity 10/29