Anatomy Unit 4 - Tissue Types

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
Chapter 7: Muscular System
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Slide 2.1
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle

Individual muscle fiber contraction is all
or none
Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated
Different combinations of muscle fiber
contraction give variations in response
Strength of response
Slide 6.19
Types of Graded Responses

Twitch
Fig. 7.9
Involves a
single muscle
fiber
Single, brief
contraction
Not a normal
muscle
function
Phases of a Muscle Twitch
Figure 6.9a, b
Slide 6.20a

Twitch has three
phases
Fig. 7.9
Lag phase
Contraction
Relaxation
Phases of a Muscle Twitch
Figure 6.9a, b
Slide 6.20a

Summation
Fig. 7.10
Increasing
force of
contraction of
muscle fiber
Recruitment
Increasing the
number of
muscle fibers
contracting
Figure 6.9a, b
Slide 6.20b

Tetanus (sustained contraction)
One contraction is immediately followed by
another
Fig. 7.10
The muscle does

not return to a
resting state
Due to increased
frequency of stimuli
The effects
are added
Figure 6.9a, b
Slide 6.20b

Fig. 7.10
Fatigue:
Muscle
eventually runs
out of ATP
Fibers cannot
contract
Types of Graded Responses:

Tetanus and Fatigue
Figure 6.9a, b
Slide 6.20b

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
The result is summation
Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
Summation
Slide 6.21a
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli

Muscle force depends upon number of
fibers stimulated
More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
Muscles continue to contract until they
run out of energy
Slide 6.22
Energy for Muscle Contraction

Initially, muscles used stored ATP for
energy
Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored
After this, other pathways must be

used
Slide 6.23

Aerobic Respiration
Metabolic pathways in
the mitochondria
Glucose is broken down,
releasing energy
This is a slow reaction
requiring oxygen
Figure 6.10c
Slide 6.25

Anaerobic respiration
Breaks down glucose
without oxygen
Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid
produces some ATP
Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Figure 6.10b
Slide 6.26a

Anaerobic respiration
(continued)
This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Figure 6.10b
Slide 6.26b
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
Oxygen must be repaid
Oxygen is required to get rid of lactic acid
Slide 6.27
Types of Muscle Contractions

Isotonic (equal tension) contractions
Myofilaments slide past each other during
contractions
The muscle shortens
Isometric (equal weight) contractions

Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten
Slide 6.28
Muscle Tone (tonus)

Some fibers are contracted even in a
relaxed muscle
Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
Maintains posture
The process is involuntary
Slide 6.29
Muscles and Body Movements
Movement is
produced when
a muscle moves
an attached
bone
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30a

Bones serve as
levers
Lever: a rigid
rod
Fulcrum: point
of rotation
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30a

Movement requires force or energy
Object to be moved provides resistance
System consists of a fulcrum, resistance,
and energy for movement
Slide 6.27

Joints serve as
fulcra
Classes of
levers:
First class
Second class
Third class
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30a

First class lever: fulcrum lies between
resistance and energy
Example: hyperextending neck

tilt face upward, look at the ceiling
Trapezius and splenius muscles
Slide 6.27

Second class lever: resistance lies
between energy and fulcrum
Example: standing on tip toes

Gastrocnemius muscle
Slide 6.27

Third class:
energy is
applied between
resistance and
fulcrum
flexing elbow
Biceps brachii
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30a

Third class
lever: most
common in a
human body
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30a

Muscles are
attached at two
points
Fig. 7.12
Origin fixed
attachment
Insertion
movable
attachment
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30b

Muscle
attachments must
cross a joint
(fulcrum)
Fig. 7.12
If it doesnt, no
movement!
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30b
Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Results of increased muscle use
Increase in size of muscle fibers
(hypertrophy), NOT in number of fibers
Increase in actin and myosin
Increase in blood supply, mitochondria
Muscle becomes resistant to fatigue
Slide 6.31
Types of Ordinary Body Movements

Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Circumduction
Slide 6.32
Body Movements
Figure 6.13
Slide 6.33
Special Movements
Dorsiflexion: toes point up
Plantar flexion: toes point down
Inversion: soles of feet in
Eversion: soles of feet out
Supination: face or palm up
Pronation: face or palm down
Slide 6.34
Functions of Muscles
Prime mover muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
Slide 6.35
Functions of Muscles
Synergist muscle that aids a prime

mover in a movement and helps prevent
rotation
Fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover
Slide 6.35
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Direction of muscle fibers

Example: rectus (straight)
Relative size of the muscle

Example: maximus (largest)
Slide 6.36a

Location of the muscle
Example: many muscles are named
for bones (e.g., temporalis)
Number of origins
Example: triceps (three heads)
Slide 6.36b

Attachments of muscle
Example: sterno (origin on the sternum)
Shape of the muscle

Example: deltoid (triangular)
Action of the muscle

Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Slide 6.37

Anatomy Unit 4 - Tissue Types

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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 7: Muscular System

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle

Types of Graded Responses

Phases of a Muscle Twitch

Types of Graded Responses

Types of Graded Responses

Types of Graded Responses

The muscle does

Types of Graded Responses

Types of Graded Responses:

Types of Graded Responses

Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli

Energy for Muscle Contraction

After this, other pathways must be

Energy for Muscle Contraction

Energy for Muscle Contraction

Energy for Muscle Contraction

Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

Types of Muscle Contractions

Isometric (equal weight) contractions

Muscle Tone (tonus)

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements

Example: hyperextending neck

Muscles and Body Movements

Example: standing on tip toes

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements

Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Types of Ordinary Body Movements

Synergist muscle that aids a prime

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Direction of muscle fibers

Relative size of the muscle

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Shape of the muscle

Action of the muscle

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