Documenti di Didattica
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Prepared by
Prof. Rahul Mailcontractor
Assistant Professor,
KLSs Institute of Management Education and Research,
Belgaum, Karnataka
Credit rating
A credit rating estimates the credit worthiness of an individual,
corporation, or even a country. It is an evaluation made by
credit bureaus of a borrowers overall credit history.
Credit ratings are based on financial history and current assets
and liabilities.
Typically, a credit rating tells a lender or investor the
probability of the subject being able to pay back a loan.
Commercial credit risk is the largest and most elementary risk
faced by many banks and it is a major risk for many other
kinds of financial institutions and corporations as well.
Many uncertain elements are involved in determining both how
likely it is that an event of default will happen and how costly
default will turn out to be if it does occur.
Registration
Credit Rating agencies are regulated by SEBI.
Registration with SEBI is mandatory for carrying out
the rating Business.
A registration fee of Rs. 25000 should be paid to
SEBI
Promoter
Eligibility Criteria
Is set up and registered as a company
Has specified rating activity as one of its main objects
in its Memorandum of Association.
Has a minimum Net worth of Rs 5 Crore.
Has adequate Infrastructure
Promoters have professional competence, financial
soundness and a general reputation of fairness and
integrity in Business transactions , to the satisfaction
of SEBI.
Has employed persons with adequate professional
and other relevant experience, as per SEBI directions.
Monitoring of rating
The CRA should continuously monitor the
rating of securities rated by it during their life
time .
It should disseminate information regarding
newly assigned rating and its changes in the
earlier ratings through press releases, websites
and inform the same to stock exchanges.
CRISIL
The first rating agency Credit Rating Information Services
of India Ltd. , CRISIL, was promoted jointly in 1987 jointly
by the ICICI and the UTI. Other shareholders included ADB,
LIC, HDFC Ltd, General Insurance Corporation of India and
several other foreign and Indian Banks.
It pioneered the concept of credit rating in the country and
since then has introduced new concepts in credit rating
services and has diversified into related areas of information
and advisory activities.
It became public in 1993.
In 1996, it formed a strategic alliance with S&P rating group.
ICRA Ltd
Information and Credit Rating Services (ICRA) has been promoted
by IFCI Ltd as the main promoter and started operations in 1991.
Other shareholders are UTI, Banks, LIC, GIC, Exim Bank, HDFC
and ILFS.
It provides Rating, Information and Advisory services ranging from
strategic consulting to risk management and regulatory practice.
The main objectives of ICRA are to assist investors both individual
and institutional in making well informed decisions
To assist issuers in raising funds from a wider investor base.
To enable banks, investment bankers, Brokers in placing debt with
investors.
To provide regulators with market driven systems to encourage the
healthy growth of capital markets.
It provides rating services, information services and advisory
services.
Rating services
ICRA rates debt instruments issued by manufacturing
companies, commercial banks, NBFCs, financial institutions,
PSUs and municipalities.
The instruments rated by it include bonds/ debentures, fixed
deposits commercial papers and certificate of deposit. It also
rates structured obligations in accordance with the terms of
the structure based on risk assessment of the instrument . It
rates sector specific debt obligations issued by power, telecom
and infrastructure companies.
It also provides corporate governance rating , rating of claims
paying ability of insurance companies, credit assessment of
large medium and small scale companies to obtain assistance
from banks, FIs. It also provides services of general
assessment of companies.
Information services
The information services division of ICRA focuses on
providing authentic data and value added products
used by intermediaries, financial institutions, banks,
asset managers, institutions and investors.
Value added services include equity grading
providing a critical input on a company's earning
prospects and inherent risks in decision making
process of equity investors and equity assessment.
Other services include corporate reports, equity
assessment, mandate based studies (customized
research) and sector/industry specific publication.
Advisory services
The advisory services division of ICRA offers wide ranging
management advisory services. Under advisory services ICRA
provides its understanding on the business processes and
relevant organizational issues to different players of financial
markets such as investors, issuers, regulators, intermediaries
and media.
The advisory services include 1.strategic consulting/ strategic
practice 2. risk management (credit risk, market risk and
operations risk) 3. regulatory practice 4 transaction practice 5.
information( content services).
It focuses on sectors like banking and financial services,
infrastructure sector, manufacturing and
service sector,
government and regulatory authorities.
CARE Ltd.
Credit Analysis and Research Ltd or CARE is promoted by
IDBI jointly with Financial Institutions, Public/Private Sector
Banks and Private Finance Companies.
It commenced its credit rating operations in October, 1993 and
offers a wide range of products and Services in the field of
Credit Information and Equity Research.
It also provides advisory services in the areas of securitisation
of transactions and structuring Financial Instruments.
It offers services like 1. Credit rating of debt instruments
2. Advisory services like securitization transactions,
structuring financial instruments, financing infrastructure
projects and municipal finances 3. Information services like
providing information to companies, industry and businesses.
4. Equity research
Rating Process
Rating Methodology
The rating methodology involves an analysis
of industry risk, issuers business and financial
risk. A rating is assigned after assessing all
factors that could affect the credit worthiness
of the entity. The industry analysis is done first
followed by the company analysis.
Rating symbols/Grades
Rating symbols are a symbolic expression of the
opinion/assessment of the credit rating agency
regarding the investment, credit quality, grade of the
debt, obligation instrument.
CRISIL rating symbols: The rating symbols of
CRISIL with respect debentures, fixed deposits, short
term instruments(CPs), credit assessment, structured
obligations, bond funds, bank loans, collective
investment schemes, Indian states, real estate
developers are as follows.
Speculative grades
BB(Double B)- Inadequate safety- These
instruments carry inadequate safety of timely
payment of interest and principal.
B (High risk)- Instruments rated B have
greater risk of default.
C (Substantial risk)- Risk of default.
Repayment can only be expected in favorable
conditions.
D (Default) Such instruments are extremely
speculative and default risk is highest.
Economic Risk
Political Risk
Relations between the state and the Centre and its
impact on transfer of resources as well as centres
influence on political stability in the state.
Various political parties in the state, their economic
policies and their effect on the states policies.
Quality of the current leadership and administration
Ability of the Government to take decisions that are
politically difficult.