Logics I

Peni KS Mutalib

Pragmatic Branch of philosophy

Philosophy for Science:
- epistemology
- logics
- critical thinking to sciences
Philosophy about all facts:
- general metaphysics, or ontology
- Specific metaphysics: theology m, anthropology
m, cosmology
Philosophy about acts:
-ethic
-esthetic
History of philosophy

Branch of philosophy (2)

Epistemology: Philosophy of science. Many
analysis and speculation in scientific field,
typically produce theories about science.
General specific
Ontology: Analyze things, of being concrete,
factual, transcendental or metaphysics such as
nature, men, goods, etc. Many things general
Axiology: Normative (good or bad) and ethical
analysis; also the esthetical aspect (artistic and
beautiful).

Logic and the rule of apt and logical thinking

There are 3 aspect of philosophy: 1) Epistemology (Science); 2)
Ontology (fact); 3) Axiology (norm). E.g.: Euthanasia, operate
an appendicitis, doing multi pharmacy etc.
E
O

Proposition--Conclusion--Argumentation [validity of indirect

conclusion] (technical association between Proposition and
conclusion-valid or not]
Classic logic (Aristotle 384-322 BC) is an instrument to practice
science. Investigate the arguments
All men certainly die (Premis mayor) [MP]
Socrates is a man (Premis minor) [SM]
Socrates certainly die (Conclusion) [SP]

Philosophy: Sense of Wonder

Philein: love and sophia: wise love of
wisdom (Y)
6th century BC: seeking to rational answer
about problems of universe
Controversies between Mythos with logos
(ratio) one by one science seek their
otonomy, also: Biomedical Model &
Infomedical Model
Systematic, methodic, coherent science to
know something: anamnese, physical
diagnostic, laboratory test etc.

Biomedical Model & Infomedical

Model
Experience doctors needs 2 h information for practice,
because doctors read + 7 journals, which represent
more than 2500 new articles baru every year
(Harrison, 2005), (T1,T2,T,T4 etc.) could be used for
building more accurate p(D!T) or p(h!e).
Computer give distinct solution, both for informatical
management and for better quantization. If technical
computerisasion in medical practice been used, still
many practical problem has been done before patient
information could be standardized and be integrated
with medis at a single electronic platform.

Philosophy objects
Material Objects
Material that would be examined, looked,
studied by a discipline of science
Formal Objects
An object which has been examined from one
aspect only.
One material object could be studied from many
aspect (multi aspects: T1, T2, T3 etc.)

Why we need logics

When we have to judge black or white
(T/F), we are practicing logics.
When we give an arguments to support it
is right or real, we are basically doing
logics. General to specific
Changing Multi perception sentence to
Mono perception are also practicing
logics.

The function of philosophy

Asking men to be wise, broad oriented to many
problem which we confronted
Forming men life experience to be more creative
Forming critical thinking somebody to face problems,
from daily life and others (interaction with community,
religion etc. beyond themselves) with more rational,
wiser, and not being trapped in fanatics extreme.
To make comprehensive critical analyzes and make
synthesis of variable aspect of scientific problem
which will be pour into research or other scientific
analyzes.

Goal logics I
Make som examples of hypothetical
statements you have heard!!!!!
Make examples of syllogism you have
read: e.g. Wrong conclusions
Discussed and analyzed it with:
Proposition: T/F
Argumentation: V/NV
Hypothetical Conclusions: Aristotle to Bayes
To study logics: is to study proposition (T/F), argument (V/N),
conclusion

How to make comprehension

analysis?
Use logics
Logics for making
specific proposition
Empirical
Generalization

Logics for making

conclusion

THEORY

Logics for making

deductive proposition

Logics for making

conclusion
Support of
THEORY
Neglect
Hypothesis

Test: T1, T2, T3, dst.

OBSERVATION

HYPOTHESIS

Instrumentation,
Scaling, sampling

Logics
Epistemology (Y): logos, everything that could
be receive by healthy reason.
Irving M, Copi (1976): A study of methods and
principles which is used to differentiated apt
reason from bad reason.
Scientific logics is to see black and white in the
grey area. From Aristotle (384 -322BC) to
Bayes (1702-1761). P(D/T) or p(h/e), Evidence
Based Medicine, posterior probability,
conditional probability.

Logical Conclusion: 5+
Aristotles General Sylogisme
Many Example of Major and Minor Premis & the conclusion
All human certainly die (Premis mayor)
Socrates is human (Premis minor)
Socrates certainly die (Conclusion)
All Frenchmen are gastronomes
Jacques a Frenchman
Jacques is a is gastronome
Modus Ponens (MP): Way of putting the consequent (deductive-theory)
Modus Tollens (MT): Way of taking away (inductive-fact)
Sentential Logic (SL): Definition & often fails to capture the conclusion
: e.q. Alternative medicine: pq, qr, rs, st, tu and pu
Sentential Calculus (SC): Bayesian (scoring in % to solve the not
100% T)

Knowledge (theorem), (fact), wise (norm): not 100% T

Sentential logic
- If somebody take buah merah then the
immune system get better (pq) (70%)
- If inflamatory reaction then increase immune
system (qr) (60-90%)
- If CRP is high (early inflamatory reaction) then
there is inflamation (rs) (90%)
If there is inflamation then there are
atherosclerosis process (st) (70%)
And the conclusion is: If somebody take buah
merah then its prevent atherosclerosis process
(pt)

Home work: make your own

Sof, those 24 h clinic, is own by a doctor
who work for crazy people (psychiatrist)
Sofiah to the others: dont go to those clinic,
because the doctors there give so many kind
of pills and ask very high fee

CRP (sentential logics)

Bayesian (sentential calculus) a
mathematical model
Asthma therapy and antihistamine 80%
Vs. other form:
If antihistamin were taken all asthma will cured
Budi takes antihistamin and go home
Certainly Budiasthma will cured

What kind of logics are this?

All Clonings are against medicolegal
Cell cloning lead to human cloning
Cell cloning for theurapeutic reasons is also
against medicolegal
Ema want to choose her next specialism
If she choose surgery, only 10 % will be
succeed
Ema will be succeed (80%) if she past her
T1,T2,T3,T4

4 Indirect conclusion (association between

propositions and conclusion): V or NV
4 indirect conclusion with 3 proposition is valid if:
Modus Ponens (MP) [(pq)^q]p
(Way of putting the consequent-deductive): pq, P!Q
q
p
Modus Tolens (MT) [(pq)^~q]~p
(Way of taking away-inductive):
pq
~q
~p
no absolute certainty (e.g. Poppers falsification, semantic, probability,
fuzzy logic)
Silogisme pq
qr
p r
+ Sentential logic (SL) pq
++ sentential calculus (SC):
qr
- Bayesian in medicine
rs
st
to
po

Indirect conclusion for argumentation

Make your own !
V/NV
Tautologies MP, MT, Syllogism, Sentential Logic,
Sentential Calculus
Hypothetical proposition = conclusion:

A cheese sandwich is better than eternal happiness

He has tuberculosis (Diagnosis)
He has hypertension (Prognosis)
Js asthma attack subsides with antihistamine (Therapy)
Antibiotic A is better than antibiotic B
My coin expands when heated
Socrates certainly die
Jacques is gastronome
Paul is not pregnant

Theory and fact

All metals expand when heated (tech a s)
All tuberculosis patient got high LED, BSR (tas)
All anemias women in Indonesia have folic acid
deficiencies (technology augmented sensory)
Every person in these village have hp (human
sensory)
Every swan is white (human sensory)
Every apple in the box is green (human sensory)

The limits of deductive

If the only thing that we know is Tweety is a bird, we say
Tweety flies. But, after learning Tweety is an ostrich, we
(change our minds and) say, Tweety does not fly. In
actual life, we use rules of logic in a limited sense; when we
learn new facts, we change some of our beliefs sometimes.
- Bird fly (pq)
- Tweety: bird (p)
- Fly (q)
With inductive thinking (Modus Tollens, kaidah penolakan
akibat):
If Tweety is a bird, its fly (pq)
Tweety doesnt fly (~q)
Tweety is an Ostrich (~p)

Some examples of modus ponens:

Make your own!

- If Boy study hard, he will pass the exam (p>q)

- Boi study hard (p)

- Boi will pass the exam (q)

- If Rohana is a goverment employee, he will got a monthly salary
(pq)
- Rohana is a goverment employee (p)
- Then Rohana get a monthly salary (q)
If all the number has factor 6, this number has factor 2 or 3
(pq)
18 has factor 6 (p)
Then 18 has factor 2 or 3 (q)

- With UV, All mycobacterium tuberculosis die

- UV
- Prevalence tbc is low in South Jakarta

Modus Tollens (Way of taking away-inductive)

- Premis 1: p q
- Premis 2: q is false (~q)
- Conclusions: p is false (~p)
So, modus tollens is a spesific form of modus ponens. If modus ponens valid,
modus tollens is also a valid argumentation
Some example of modus Tollens:
If it is Sunday Sony do the morning run
- With uv prevalence tbc are low
Sony doesnt run this morning
- Prevalence tbc are high in Depok
It is not Sunday
- They neglect uv
If Roni got ill Yuli cry
- Good riolering incidence DHF are low
- High incidence of DHF in Depok
Yuli smile
- They neglect riolering
Roni doesnt got ill
If cost increase demand decrease - Cloning are against medicolegal
Demand doesnt decrease
- Plasmid cloning is not against medicolegal
Cost didnt increase
- Plasmid cloning is producing many cutting DNA
If x . y = 0 x=0 or y = 0
- Plasmid cloning is agriculture-legal
X=/= 0 and y =/= 0
- Transgenic cotton is against agriculture-legal
X.y =/= 0
- Transgenic cotton is not growth in a pot
If Tweety is a bird, its fly
- Asthma cured with antihistamine
Tweety doesnt fly
- John Does asthma doesnt cured with antihistamine
Tweety is an Ostrich
- John Does asthma are cured with cortisone

Poppers Swan
"all swans are white". However, if one then has a single
sighting of a black swan one is able to make the statement
that "not all swans are white."
"Falsifiable" does not mean "false". For a proposition to be
falsifiable, it must be possible in principle to make an
observation that would show the proposition to be false, even if
that observation has not been made. For example, the
proposition "All crows are black" would be falsified by observing
one white crow.
Falsificationists claim that any theory that is not falsifiable
is unscientific.
Planck and Einstein falsify Maxwell and also Huygens (wave particle)

Planck & Einstein

- All electromagnetic wave are wave
- There are something missing to count with
wave equation
- Use Planck constantan
- All electromagnetic wave are wave
- To count Energy in atomic level we
couldnt count with wave equation
- Use particle basic (E=mc2)

Falcification: Fact of Specificities

A white mute swan, common to Eurasia and North America

Pq
Not q
Not p

Two black swans, native to Australia

Sentensial Calculus (1)

No 100 % T/ F, so use other aspect: Evidence
Based Medicine (EBM): T1,T2,Tn
Asthma therapy
Hepatoma diagnosis
Hyperthermia in endemic malaria area
Tuberculosis in Rangkas Bitung
P Coin 50%Fact 60% head
P(h) p(h/e)
P(D) p(D/T)

Scalling and scoring

Scoring
Yes or no, F/M, Black or white nominal
Right/ less right/ wrong (tertile) ordinal
Tall/ std/ small (tertile)
Very tall/ tall/less tall/ std/ not to small/s/vs
1-10 interval
Yes or no and how many percent?
Scalling
Differential Eq ratio (continue)

Clasifying and measuring Hy

Operational definitions involving explicit instructions for
clasifying (for nominal and ordinal data) or
measuring (for interval and ratio data) should be
made.
Quality that inheres in the process whereby theoretic
propositions are interpreted to operational definitions (the
interpretations of the nominal definitions). So, the theory
are ever directly testable. It is thus, any given auxiliary
theory comes to be accepted as a legitimate
interpretation of any given main theory.
But once an interpretation is put forward in a given
research, the resultant test hypothesis (or auxiliary
theory) must be instrumented, and a measurement
scale and sampling procedure must be applied to it.

Scoring system and algorithm

Each finding produces a categorical effect that
contributes to a logical branch
JNC7 guidelines to cure hypertension
Discriminate medical from surgical jaundice
(Matzen et al)
How to make it? Using cut off (black & white)
and Bayes (Multi cutt off: T1,T2,T3, Tn)
p(D/T)
The basic of Evidence Based Medicine: p(h/e)

Surgical or medical jaundice

Variable

Result

Score

Age

31-64 years
>65 years
Jaundice
Cancer GI
Leukemia or lymphoma
Biliary colic
Upper abdominal pain
Alcohol
Spiders
Ascites
Total Bilirubin > 200mol/l
Alkaline phosphatase
Aspartate aminotransferase

+7
+12

Previous history

Present history
Physical examination
Clinical chemistery

-7
+10
-13
+3
+4-+9
-4
-6
-3
+5
+6
-10

4 True/False theorm (direct

conclusion) for proposition
4 direct conclusion in plural proposition with logical connect word: 1) and; 2)
or; 3) if, then; 4) if and only if .
ad 1. Conjuntive/ seri/ ^/ and/ irisan: See truth-table conjungtive p^q (seri):
(TFFF)
ad 2. Disjunctif/ parallel/ v/ or/ union: See truth-table disjunctive pvq
(parallel): (TTTF)
ad 3. Implicative: See truth-table implicative pq (TFTT)
ad 4. Biimplicative: See truth-table biimplicative p>q (TFFT)
There are another 4 truth-table implicative (pq) for many propotion (complex).

Direct conclusion which has a same wide of Subject and predicate, visa
versa has the same idea:
- All becaks are not car (AEIO) - All men are berakal budi
- All cars are not becak
- Cecep is a man
- Cecep berakal budi (Clasic logics)

Conversion: qp;
Inversion ~p~q;

Conclusion process:
Deductive logics: theory first (general special)
Inductive logics: Individual / 5 sense experience first
general
In inductive logics: there is no absolute certainty,
there is only better or less, its depend on the
probability which has been cited by the premises.
How smaller the area of the proposition, how more
solid the content is.

Hypothetical proposition = conclusion: Seek the theorem or the fact

A cheese sandwich is better than
eternal happiness

Nothing is better than eternal

happiness

He has tuberculosis (Diagnosis) High prevalence tuberculosis

He has hypertension (Prognosis)

Normotensi: 120/80 mmHg

Js asthma attack subsides with Most asthma subsides with

antihistamine (Therapy) antihistamine
Antibiotic A is better than antibiotic More bacteria die with AA
B

T/Fc
Te
Fc
Te
Te
F

All metals expand when

heated

Te

Socrates certainly die

All men die..

Jacques is gastronome

Most Frenchmen are

gastronomes

Te
Fc

My coin expands when heated

Paul is not pregnant

Someone who takes cp dont

get pregnant

Te

Truth-table of conjungtive, and, seri (1)

Operasi-operasi penyulit pada pernyataan adalah

penyataan majemuk
ingkaran atau negasi ~
konjungsi (kata hubung logika irisan, intersection, and ^):

Tabel kebenaran conjungtif p^q ~ jaringan listrik 2 saklar seri

p q p^q
p q
p^q
1 1 1
T T T
1 0
0
T F F
0 1
0
F T F
0 0
0
F F F
1: close; 0: open
F: False; T:True
E.g.: The sun is shining, AND Jane is getting tan
Salah satu salah, salah satu terbuka lampu dalam rangkaian listrik tak

The truth-table of MP,

Conjunctive Syllogism, (and)
pq
p
q

2nd Premise

Conclusion

p q

1st Premise

2nd Premise

Conclusion

pq
q

1st Premise

p q

Application: Direct (T/F) and

indirect (V/NV conclusion)

Intersection, ^, and: seri

Union, v, or: parallel
Implicative: TFF, selain itu T
Bi implicative:
Valid if Tautologies

Truth-table of disjunctive syllogism,

or, parallel (2)
The operation of the proposition are:
Multiple proposition (majemuk)
Negation (ingkaran)
Disjunction (kata hubung logika gabungan, union, dan v):
Truth table of disjunction p v q ~ paralel electric circuit with 2 saklar

^
^
^

p q pvq
1 1 1
1 0
1
0 1
1
0 0
0
1: close; 0: open

p q
pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
F: False; T: True

Truth theory of disjunctive syllogism

(or) (T/F)
pVq
~p
q

pvq
p
-q

1st Premise

2nd Premise

Conclusion

p q

~p

1st Premise

2nd Premise

Conclusion

p q

~q

Truth-table of MT, disjunctive

syllogism (or)
pq

1st Premise

2nd Premise

Conclusion

p q

~q

~p

~q

~p

pq

1st Premise

2nd Premise

Conclusion

~p

p q

~p

~q

~q

The sun is shinning or Jane is getting tan

Truth-table of implicative propotition (3)

if p then q; p if only q

pq
p only if q
q if p
p syarat cukup bagi q
q syarat perlu bagi p
p

p
T
T
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

pq
T
F
T
T

E.g.: If Mas Boy is a swimmer (particular), then Mas Boy is an atlet

(universal) (pq)
If Mas Boy got flu, then Mas Boy is sick
Cause and effect : chicken or egg,
symptomatic or causative

Biimplicative truth table (4)

p if and only if q

Dwi arah

p>q
p
q
pq
p=q
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
F
T
E.g.:

If it is rainy periode, Mas Boy bring an umbrella (T)

If it is rainy periode, Mas Boy dont bring an umbrella (F)

If it is not rainy periode, Mas Boy bring an umbrella (F)

If it is not rainy periode, Mas Boy dont bring an umbrella (T)

Truth-theory of hypothesis
syllogism (True or False)
pq

1st Premise

2nd Premise

Conclusion

qr
pr

p q

q r

p r

Tautology

In logic, a tautology is a statement

which is true by its own definition. All
true statements of logic and
mathematics are tautologies.
Tautology and equivalent multiple
proposition (setara)
Tabel kebenaran tautologi:

Truth-table of validitas MP
[(pq)^p]q

A sentence whose truth table

contains only 'T' is called a
tautology.
p q Pq

(pq)^p [(pq)^p]q

T
T
F
F

T
F
F
F

T
F
T
F

T
F
T
T

[T^T]T
[F^T]T
[F^F]T
[F^F]T

Truth-table of validitas MT
p q ~p ~q Pq (pq)^~q [(pq)^~q]~p
T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

F
F
T
T

F
T
F
T

T
F
T
T

F
F
F
T

[FF]:T
[FF]:T
[FT]:T
[TT]:T

Truth-table of syllogism tautology in

sentential logic
p q r pq qr pr pq)^(qr) [(pq)^(qr](
pr)
T T T T
T
T
T
[TT]:T
T T F T
F
F
F
[FF]:T
T F T F
T
T
F
[FT]:T
T F F F
T
F
F
[FF]:T
F T T T
T
T
T
[TT]:T
F T F T
F
T
F
[FT]:T
F F T T
T
T
T
[TT]:T
F F F T
T
T
T
[TT]:T

Conclusions
Proposition of the Premises and
hypothesis: T/F: conjunction, disjunction,
implicative, non implicative
Argumentation: V/N: 5+ (tautologies)