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DNAReplication
Cell Division (mitosis)
Cells must copy their chromosomes
(DNA synthesis) before they divide so
that each daughter cell will have a copy
A region of the chromosome remains
uncopied (centromere) in order to hold
the sister chromatids together
Keeps chromatids organized to help
make sure each daughter cell gets
exactly one copy
Nondisjunction is when sister
chromatids do not assort correctly
and one cell ends up with both
copies while the other cell ends up
with none

DNA
Replication
Semiconservative
Daughter DNA is a
double helix with 1
parent strand and
1 new strand
Found that 1
strand serves as
the template for
new strand

Replication Origin
Site where replication
begins
1 in E. coli
1,000s in human

Strands are separated

to allow replication
machinery contact with
the DNA
Many A-T base pairs
because easier to break
2 H-bonds that 3 Hbonds

Note anti-parallel
chains

DNA Polymerase
An enzyme that
catalyzes the
addition of a
nucleotide to the
growing DNA chain
Nucleotide enters as
a nucleotide tri-PO4

DNA Polymerase
Bidirectional synthesis of the DNA
double helix
Corrects mistaken base pairings
Requires an established polymer
(small RNA primer) before addition
of more nucleotides
Other proteins and enzymes
necessary

How is DNA Synthesized?

Actually how DNA is synthesized
Simple addition of nucleotides along
one strand, as expected
Called the leading strand
DNA polymerase reads 3 5 along the
leading strand from the RNA primer
Synthesis proceeds 5 3 with respect to
the new daughter strand

Remember how the nucleotides are

added!!!!! 5 3

How is DNA Synthesized?

Actually how DNA is synthesized
Other daughter strand is also
synthesized 53 because that is only
way that DNA can be assembled
However the template is also being read
53
Compensate for this by feeding the DNA
strand through the polymerase, and primers
and make many short segments that are
later joined (ligated) together

Called the lagging strand

Starting Synthesis
DNA polymerase can only ADD
nucleotides to a growing polymer
Another enzyme, primase,
synthesizes a short RNA chain called
a primer
DNA/RNA hybrid for this short stretch
Base pairing rules followed (BUT A-U)
Later removed, replaced by DNA and the
backbone is sealed (ligated)

DNAReplication
Initiation
Primase (a type of RNA polymerase) builds an RNA primer
(5-10 ribonucleotides long)
DNA polymerase attaches onto the 3 end of the RNA primer

DNA polymerase

Primers contd
Simple addition of
primer along leading
strand
RNA primer synthesized
5 3, then
polymerization with
DNA

Many primers are

needed along the
lagging strand
1 primer per small
fragment of new DNA
made along the lagging
strand

Removal of Primers
Other enzymes needed to excise
(remove) the primers
Nuclease removes the RNA primer
nucleotide by nucleotide
Repair polymerase replaces RNA with
DNA
DNA ligase seals the sugar-phosphate
backbone by creating phosphodiester
bond
Requires Mg2+ and ATP

Other Necessary Proteins

Helicase opens double helix and helps it
uncoil
Single-strand binding proteins (SSBP)
keep strands separated large amount
of this protein required
Sliding clamp
Subunit of polymerase
Helps polymerase slide along strand

All are coordinated with one another to

produce the growing DNA strand
(protein machine)

Components of the DNA

Replication

Video DNA Replication 3D