Building

Construction
&
Materials-VI
Assignment
Submitted to:
Ar. Venu Shree
Submitted by:
Meenu Chauhan
14607

What
are
drawings?

working

o Working drawings provide dimensioned, graphical

information that can be used; by a contractor to
construct the works, or by suppliers to fabricate
components of the works or to assemble or install
components.
o Traditionally, working drawings consist of 2
dimensional orthogonal projections of the building
or component they are describing, such as plans,
sections and elevations.
o These may be drawn to scale by hand, or prepared
using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software.
However,
increasingly,
building
information
modelling (BIM) is being used to create 3
dimensional representations of buildings and their
components for construction.
o Working drawings may include
Title blocks
Dimension
Notation
Symbols
o It is important that these are consistent with
industry standards so that their precise meaning is
clear and can be understood.
o Specification information can be included on
working drawings or in a separate specification,

Examples of working
drawings

Purpose
drawings

of

working

o It is important that the purpose of the drawings

and the people that will use them are considered.
o Working drawings might be prepared for:
Statutory approvals
Contractors-to plan the construction works, to
provide instructions on site, for the procurement
of components, for the preparation of shop
drawings, for the appointment of subcontractors
and so on.
o Drawings must be structured carefully so that
they convey necessary information to carry out
particular parts of the works.
o To give greater clarity, they may be separated
into packages, so that information is specifically
tailored to separate parts of the works, specific
components, or separate suppliers or trades.
o It may be necessary to produce some packages
earlier than others, for example, for items with
long manufacturing times such as switchgear,
chiller units, lifts, escalators or bespoke cladding
systems, or for front-end construction such as
service diversions, demolition, setting out details,
underground drainage, piling and groundworks.

Sizes of drawings
Selection and Designation of Sizes
The original drawing should be made on the smallest
sheet permitting the necessary clarity and resolution.
Drawing sheets may be used with their longer sides
positioned either horizontally
vertically.
PreferredorSizes
Designation

Dimension(mm)

A0

481X1189

A1

594X841

A2

420X594

A3

297X420

A4

210X297

The procedure for folding sheets is as follows:

1. Always fold vertically first
2. Then fold horizontally
3. Folded drawing to be of A4 size
4. Title block on topmost fold for easy reference.

Scales
Category
Enlargement scales

Scale
50:1

20:1

5:1

2:1

Full size
Reduction scales

10:1

1:1
1:2

1:5

1:10

1:20

1:50

1:100

1:200

1:500

1:1000

1:2000

1:5000

1:10000

Line work
Types of lines
Line

Description

Application

Continuous(thick)

Visible
edges

Continuous(thin)

Imaginary lines
of intersection,
dimension lines,
projection,
hatching, short
centre lines

Continuous
freehand
Zigzag lines

Limits of partial
or
interrupted
views, sections,
etc.

thin

outlines,

Dashed thick
Dashed thin

Hidden outlines,
edges, etc.

Chain thin

Centrelines, lines
of
symmetry,
trajectories

Chain thin, thick

at ends & change
of direction

Cutting planes

Chain thick

Lines
with
special
requirements

Chain thin double

dots

Outlines
of
adjacent parts,
centroidal lines,
Thickness of line
front0.25,
of
Different lines weights are used. Thesesparts
are in
0.18,
cutting plane

0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.4 and 2 mm.

Spacing of lines
The minimum spacing between two parallel lines should
not be less than twice the thickness of heaviest line. The
minimum spacing should be more than 0.7mm

Lettering & Dimensioning

Dimensioning
Notation of Dimensioning
Projection lines (also called extension lines) and
dimension lines shall be drawn as thin, continuous
lines.
Starting a short distance (to avoid confusing with
other lines on the drawing) from the outline,
projection
lines
shall
generally
be
drawn
perpendicular to the associated dimension line, and
shall extend slightly beyond them.

Intersecting projection lines and dimension lines

shall be avoided wherever possible.
Otherwise they shall simply cross each other (no
special designation at intersections).
Dimension lines shall generally be unbroken except,
in certain cases, for the insertion of a size.
An axis, reference line or outline shall never be used

Termination of Dimension Lines

Single dimensions, chain dimensions and
parallel dimensions
The termination of dimension lines shall be
represented by short oblique lines, drawn at
45 clockwise from the projection line

Superimposed running dimensions

The common datum point of running
dimensions shall be represented by a dot
surrounded by a circle. The termination of
dimension lines shall be represented by open
90 arrowheads.

Inscription of Dimensions
Single dimensions, chain dimensions
and
parallel dimensions
Dimensions shall be placed near the middle of,
above and clear of the dimension line. The
figures shall be oriented so that they can be
read from the bottom or from the right of the
drawing.

Some examples of
lettering used:
Lettering A straight

Lettering B straight

Lettering A slanted

Lettering B slanted

Graphical Symbols
Symbols are in constant use on small-scale
drawings and it is considered that time would
be saved and confusion avoided if a standard
range of symbols is extensively used.
Careful attention shall be given to the size of
these symbols, having due regard to the scale
of the drawings. Wherever practicable, they
shall be drawn to scale, Some symbols may
have to be slightly enlarged for the purpose of
clear indication.

Issues
while
drawings

preparing

o Common problems with working drawings include:

Poor co-ordination of information

Errors and omissions

Information not getting to the right people

Poor presentation

Final thoughts
o Working drawings may be updated when the works
are complete to show as constructed information,
reflecting changes to the works that may have
occurred during the construction process.
o Carefully prepared working drawings can be very
beautiful and the very best have been exhibited as
works of art

References
The following Indian Standards are necessary adjuncts
to this standard:
IS No.
9609( Part 1 ) : 1983
Lettering on technical
drawing:
Part 1 English characters
10711 : 1983
Sizes of drawing sheets
10713 : 1983
Scales for use on technical drawings
10714 : 1983
General principles of presentation
on technical drawings
10720: 1983
Technical drawings for structural