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MOMENT

AND
COUPLES

Moment of Force

The turning effect of a force (torque) is known


as the moment.

It is the product of the force multiplied by the


perpendicular distance from the line of action
of the force to the pivot or point where the
object will turn.

SMALL MOMENT
The distance from the
fulcrum to the line of
action of force is very
small

LARGE MOMENT
The distance from the
fulcrum to the line of
action of force is large

(Cont)

Unit: pound-feet (lb), pound-inches (lb-in),


kip-feet (kip-fit) or Newton-meter (Nm)

Moments taken are about a point are


indicate as being clockwise( ) or
counterclockwise ( )

For the sake of uniformity in calculation,


assume clockwise to be +ve and
counterclockwise to be -ve.

Moment can exspressed as 10 lb-ft ( ), +


10 lb-ft or 10 lb.ft.

Example 3.1
Calculate the moment about point A in
Figure 3.2. Notice that the perpendicular
distance can be measured to the line of
action of the force.
M=(F) (d)
= + (50) (3)
M= 150 lb-ft ( )

3
A

Figure 3.2

Example 3.2

MO = (100 N) (2 m) = +200 Nm

MO = (50 N) (0.75 m) = 37.5 Nm

MO = (40 lb) (4 ft + 2 cos 30 ft)


= 229 lb.ft

Example 3.2
MO = (-60 lb) (1 sin 45 ft)
= -42.4 lb.ft

MO = (-7 kN) (4 m 1 m)
= 21.0 kNm

Principle of moment

Sometimes refer as Varignons theorem

The moment of a force about a point is equal to the


sum of the moments of the forces components about
the point
Fy

F
Fx

dx

MA=Fd

dy
A

MA=-Fy(d2)+Fx(d1)

Example 3.3
A 200 N force acts on the bracket shown in Figure.
Determine the moment of the force about point A.

Exercise 1

Determine the magnitude and directional


sense of the moment of the force A about point
O

Exercise 2

Determine the magnitude and directional sense of


the moment of the force at A about point O

COUPLES

A couple consists of two equal , acting


in opposite directions and separated by
a perpendicular distance.

Example:
20

5 lb

Total moment
= -50 + (-50)
= -100lb.in

5 lb

These force could have been treated as a


couple, which consists of two forces that
are:
1.
Equal
2.
Acting in opposite direction
3.
Separated by some perpendicular
distance d

These three requirement of couple, from the


Couple
moment = (F) (d)
example, we
have;
= -5 (20)
= -100 lb.in

This is the same answer that we obtained


when we multiplied the individual forces by
their distance from the pivot.

Notice that when calculate moment, specified


the points or moment about which the
moments were calculated.

It does not matter where the moment center is


located when deal with couples.

A couples has the same moment about all


points on a body

MA=-(10N)(4m)-(10N)
(2m)
=-40-20
=-60 N.m
=60N.m

Mb=-(10N)(11m)(10N)(5m)
=-110+50
=-60 N.m
=60N.m

Example 3.4

Determine the moment of the couple acting on


the member shown in Figure

Moment in
3Dimensional
Vector analysis

Moments in 3-D can be calculated using scalar


(2-D) approach but it can be difficult and time
consuming. Thus, it is often easier to use a
mathematical approach called the vector
cross product.

Using the vector cross product,


MO = r F .

Here r is the position vector from point O to


any point on the line of action of F.

In general, the cross product of two vectors A and B


results in another vector C , i.e., C = A B. The
magnitude and direction of the resulting vector can be
written as
C = A B = A B sin UC
Here UC is the unit vector perpendicular to both A and B
vectors as shown (or to the plane containing the
A and B vectors).

The right hand rule is a useful tool for determining


the direction of the vector resulting from a cross
product.

For example: i j = k

Note that a vector crossed into itself is zero, e.g.,


i i = 0

Of even more utility, the cross product can be


written as

Each component can be determined using 2 2


determinants

So, using the cross product, a moment can be


expressed as

By expanding the above equation using 2 2


determinants, we get (sample units are N - m)
MO = ( r

FZ -

rZ Fy) i - (r x Fz - rz Fx ) j + (rx Fy - ry Fx ) k

The physical meaning of the above equation


becomes evident by considering the force
components separately and using a 2-D formulation.

Example

The pole in Fig. Below is subjected to a 60N


force that is directed from C to B. Determine
the magnitude of the moment created by this
force about the support at A.

since MA = rB x F or MA = rc x F
rB = {1i + 3j + 2k} m

and

rC = {3i + 4j} m

The force has a magnitude of 60 N and a direction specified


by the unit vector uF, directed from C to B. Thus,
(1 3)i (3 4) j (2 0)k

F = (60 N) uF = (60
N)( 2)2 ( 1)2 (2)2
i
j
= {-40i 20j + 40k} N
MA =rB x F = 1
3
-40

-20

k
2
40

= [3(40) 2 (-20)]i [1(40) 2(-40)]j + [1(-20) 3(-40)]k


MA = [160i -120j + 100k] Nm
Magnitude MA = (160)2 ( 120)2 (100)2

Scalar analysis (moment at axis)

Recall that the moment of a force about any point A is MA= F dA


where dA is the perpendicular (or shortest) distance from the point
to the forces line of action. This concept can be extended to find
the moment of a force about an axis

In the figure above, the moment about the y-axis would be My= 20
(0.3) = 6 Nm. However this calculation is not always trivial and
vector analysis may be preferable

Example

Determine the couple moment acting on the


pipe shown in Fig. 3.24a. Segment AB is
directed 30 below the x-y plan

Solution I (vector analysis)


The moment of the two couple forces can be found about any point. If point O
is considered, Fig 3.24b, we have
M = rA x (-25k) + rB x (25k)
= (8j) x (-25k) + (6 cos 30i + 8j 6 sin 30k) x (25k)
= -200i -129.9j + 200i
= {-130j} lb.in
It is easier to take moments of the couple forces about a point lying on the line
of action of one of the forces, e.g., point A, Fig. 3.24c. In this case the moment
of the force A is zero, so that
M = rAB x (25k)
= (6 cos 30i 6 sin 30k) x (25k)
= {-130j} lb.in

Solution II(scalar analysis)


Although this problem is shown in three dimensions, the
geometry is simple enough to use the scalar equation M
= Fd. The perpendicular distance between the lines of
action of the forces is d = 6 cos 30 = 5.20 in., Fig.
3.24d. Hence, taking moments of the forces about either
point A or B yields

M = Fd. = 25 lb (5.20 in) = 129.9 lb.in

Applying the right-hand rule, M acts in the j direction.


Thus,
M = {130j} lb.in

Resultant A force and


couple system

When a rigid body is subjected to a system of forces and couple


moments

The external effects on the body by replacing the system by an


equivalent single resultant force acting at a specified point O
and a resultant couple moment

Point O is not on the line of action of the forces, an equivalent


effect is produced if the forces are moved to point O and the
corresponding couple moments M 1=r1xF1 and M2=r2xF2 are
applied to body

AN EQUIVALENT SYSTEM (Section 4.7)

When a number of forces and couple moments are acting on a body, it


is easier to understand their overall effect on the body if they are
combined into a single force and couple moment having the same
external effect
The two force and couple systems are called equivalent systems since
they have the same external effect on the body.

MOVING A FORCE ON ITS LINE OF ACTION

Moving a force from A to O, when both points are on the


vectors line of action, does not change the external
effect. Hence, a force vector is called a sliding vector.
(But the internal effect of the force on the body does
depend on where the force is applied).

MOVING A FORCE OFF OF ITS LINE OF ACTION

Moving a force from point A to O (as shown above) requires


creating an additional couple moment. Since this new
couple moment is a free vector, it can be applied at any
point P on the body.

FINDING THE RESULTANT OF A


FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
When several forces and couple
moments act on a body, you can
move each force and its associated
couple moment to a common point O.
Now you can add all the forces and
couple moments together and find
one resultant force-couple moment
pair.

Example 3.5

Replace the forces acting on the brace shown


in Figure by an equivalent resultant and couple
moment acting at point A.

+ FRx = Fx; FRx = -100 N - 400 cos 45 = - 382.8 N =


382.8 N
+ FRy = Fy; FRy = -600 N - 400 sin 45 = - 882.8 N =
882.8 N
FR has a magnitude of

and a direction of
FR (FR x )2 (FRy )2 (382.8)2 (882.8)2 962 N
FRy
882.8
tan 1
66.6
F
382.8

Rx

tan 1

The resultant couple moment MRA is


determined by summing the moments of the
forces about point A. Assuming that positive
moments act clockwise, we have

+ MRA = MA
MRA = 100 N (0) + 600 N (0.4m) + (400 sin 45)
(0.8 m) + (400 cos 45) (0.3 m)
= 551 Nm

Example (Equivalent
resultant force and
moment)
Acouple
structural member
is subjected to a couple moment M
and forces F1 and F2 as shown in Fig. below. Replace
this system by an equivalent resultant force and couple
moment acting at its base, point O.

The three-dimensional aspects of the problem can be simplified


by using a Cartesian vector analysis. Expressing the forces and
couple moment as Cartesian vectors, we have
F1 = {-800k)N
F2 = (300 N)uCB = (300 N) (rcb/rcb)
= 300 [-0.15i+0.1j/ (0.15)2 + (0.1)2] = {-249.6i + 166.4j}N
M = -500 (4/5)j + 500 (3/5)k = {-400j + 300k) Nm
Force Summation
FR = F; FR = F1 + F2 = -800k 249.6i + 166.4j
= {-249.6i + 166.4j 800k} N

Moment Summation
MRO = MC + MO
MRO = M + rC x F1 + rB x F2
MRO = (-400j + 300k) + (1k) x (-800k)

i
j
k
-0.15
0.1 1
- 249.6 166.4 0

= (-400j + 300k) + (0) + (-166.4i 249.6j)


= {-166i -650j + 300k} Nm

Exercise 3:
Replace the three forces shown with an equivalent
force-couple system at A.

F1
F2
F3

To find the equivalent


set of forces at A.

3
tan 36.87 o
4
Rx Fx
1

400 N cos 180o 750 N cos 36.87 o 100 N cos 90 o


200 N

Ry Fy

400 N sin 180o 750 N sin 36.87 o 100 N sin 90 o


550 N

Find the moments about point A.


Using the line of action for the force at B. The force can
be moved along the line of action until it reaches
perpendicular distance from A

uuu
r uur
M 1 FB d
100 N 360 mm
36000 N-mm

Find the moments about point A.


The force at O can be broken up into its two components
in the x and y direction

Fx 750 N cos 36.87 o


600 N

Fy 750 N sin 36.87 o


450 N
Using the line of action for each component, their moment contribution can
be determined.

Find the moments about point A.

Using the line of action for Fx component d is 160 mm.

uuur uuur
M 2 FOx d

600 N 160 mm
96000 N-mm
Fy component is 0 since in line with A.

uuur
uuu
r
MB Mi
uuu
r uuur uuu
r
M1 M 2 M 3
r
r
r
36000 N-mm k 96000 N-mm k 0 N-mm k
r
132000 N-mm k

The final result is


R = 585 N at 70.0o
M = 132 Nm

M = 132 Nm

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