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Definition of a Project

Temporary: Every project has a definite beginning


and a definite ending.
Unique: Every project is unique in some
distinguishing way from all similar products or
services. Also, a project is unique in that each one
has a specific objective(s).

Adapted from PMBOK Guide


11
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Triple
Constraint

Cost

Time

Performance

Where does the importance lie?


12
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Project Life Cycle

Project
Initiate

Project
Planning

Project
Execution

Project
Control

Project
Closeout

Cost and
Staffing
Level

Start

Time

Finish

19
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Phase Milestones

Implement

Execute
Plans

Operate

Clo
Pr se
oje
ct

Arch.
&
Design

Construct

Wa
rra
nty

Design

Co
n
Un stru
it
Te ct &
st
In
te
& gra
Te te
st

Rq
mt
s.

Define
&
Initiate

Plan

Sta
Pro rt
jec
t

Initiate

Sub-Phase Milestones
Iterative approach to defining, justifying, building, and delivering IT solutions
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9 Project Management Process Areas


Scope Planning

Communication Management

Planning & Estimating

Issues Management

Financial Management

Risk Management

Quality Management

Procurement Management

Human Resources Management

Implement

Execute
Plans

Software Development Lifecycle Model

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Operate

Clo
Pr s e
oje
ct

Arch.
&
Design

Construct

Wa
rra
nty

Design

Co
n
Un stru
it
Te ct &
st
In
te
& gra
Te te
st

Rq
mt
s.

Define
&
Initiate

Plan

Sta
Pro rt
jec
t

Initiate

Traditional Organization
E x e c u t iv e O ffic e
E n g in e e r in g M a n a g e r

O p e r a t io n s M a n a g e r

F in a n c ia l M a n a g e r

A d m in is t r a t io n

M a r k e t in g

24
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Traditional Organizations
Advantages
Easier budgeting and cost control
Flexible in use of personnel
Broad personnel base to work
from
Continuity in disciplines,
policies, procedures, etc.
Communication channels are
vertical and well established

Disadvantages
No one individual responsible for
projects
Coordination is complex and
requires more hours
Decisions favor the strongest
functional group
Difficulty pinpointing responsibility
Motivation and innovation are
decreased

25
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Projectized Organization
Project Coordination

PR O JE C T M AN AG E R

C H IE F E X E C U T IV E
PR O JE C T M AN AG E R

PR O JE C T M AN AG E R

S ta ff

S ta ff

S ta ff

S ta ff

S ta ff

S ta ff

S ta ff

S ta ff

S ta ff

Adapted from PMBOK Guide

26
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Projectized Organization
ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Provides complete line


authority over the project

Maintenance costs include


duplication of effort,
facilities, and personnel
Project participants work
Tendency to retain
directly for the project
personnel on a project
manager
long after they are needed
Strong communication
Technology suffers
channels
without strong functional
groups
Staff maintain expertise on Lack of opportunities for
a given project
technical staff between
projects
Upper-level management
Lack of career continuity
has more time for executive and opportunities for
decision making
project personnel
27
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(Overview)
Initiate

Define
&
Initiate

Initiate:

The first phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Define & Initiate:

The purpose of the Define & Initiate Sub-phase is to expand on a


concept or project proposal in order to justify funding for an official project. Because the work
effort involved with this sub-phase could vary greatly, skilled resources are often required. It is
critical that the initial step to register the project is accomplished.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


The primary accomplishment of the Define & Initiate Sub-Phase include the expansion of the concept for the project
and the detailing of the project substantially in order that the PMO and/ or Senior Management Team might ascertain
the value and cost of doing the project. The end result of the Define & Initiate Sub-Phase is either approval for
formally beginning the project, or, otherwise prioritizing it. The completion and acceptance of the Business Case
feeds the Start Project Sub-Phase.

Deliverables

Best Practices

Project Charter

Three Key Questions

Create Project Binder

Status Meeting

Project Proposal

Financial & Effort Tracking

Business Case

Workshop

Application Estimating

Visioning

Cost Benefit Analysis

Expectations & Concerns

Project ID

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(Overview)

Rq
mt
s.

Sta
Pro rt
jec
t

Plan

Plan:

The second phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Start Project Sub-Phase:

In the Start Project Sub-Phase an approved project


(from Define & Initiate) is started and a Project Manager is assigned. The initial core team is
put in place to define how the project will be managed and to create the initial project work
plan. Required PM deliverables are the Project Charter and the Project Work Plan usually in
MS Project.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


Immediately after the new project Business Case is approved and funded, the Start Project Sub-Phase is executed.
The first step is to officially assign a Project Manager (may be the same person who filled the Business Case Owner?
Role in the Define & Initiate Sub-Phase) along with the projects Steering Committee and confirmed the Project
Sponsor. These members are critical to the successful execution and management of the project and as such, are
required to sign-off on the completed Project Charter at the end of this sub-phase.

Deliverables

Best Practices

Project Workplan

Priority Triangle

Project Plan

High Level Milestone Plan

- Project Organization Structure


- High-level Milestone Plan for Project
- Quality Management Plan
- Communications Plan
Issues Management Matrix
Risks Management Matrix

Stakeholder Breakdown Structure (SBS)


Risk Matrix (Qualitative)
Status Meeting
Finance & Effort Tracking
Expectations & Concerns

Change Management Matrix


Change Request Form
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(Overview)

Rq
mt
s.

Sta
Pro rt
jec
t

Plan

Plan:

The second phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Requirements:

The purpose of the Requirements Sub-Phase is to collect, analyze,


and define what the entire project solution must do if business objectives are to be met.
Unlike solution design, which focuses on the how, requirements gathering focuses on the
what.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


There are three key outcomes of the Requirements Sub-Phase. First, all business needs that must be met by the
proposed solution are compiled. These will be used in subsequent sub-phases to test the viability and completeness
of design and construction deliverables. Second, the complete solution for meeting requirements is defined at a
relatively abstract level. This conceptual solution architecture will be used to specify the details for constructing
related elements. Third, a strategy for realizing the proposed solution and attaining business objectives is developed.
This will be used to develop plans for ensuring that requirements have been met and that the solution will be
deployed in a receptive and well-prepared business and technical environment.

Deliverables
Application Requirements

Conceptual Solution Architecture

Business Process Change Impact

Conceptual Technology Architecture Requirements Attainment Strategy

Business Process Requirements

Data Design Package

Requirements Management Strategy

Conceptual Application Architecture

Data Requirements

Requirements Specification

Conceptual Business Process Architecture Data Classification Form

Organizational Requirements

Requirements Traceability Matrix

Conceptual Data Architecture

Conceptual Organization Architecture Risk Assessment Form

System Implementation Strategy

Technical Design Package

Test Strategy

Work Force Enablement Strategy

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Test Plan

(Overview)
Design

Arch.
&
Design

Design:

The third phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Architecture & Design:

The Architecture & Design Sub-Phase defines how the


entire solution to a business problem will be structured, what all of the parts (or elements) of
the solution will be, and how the parts will interface in order that business objectives can be
met. Unlike requirements documents that generally answer what the solution must do, this
sub-phase determines how the solution will be achieved.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


There are four key outcomes of the Architecture & Design Sub-Phase. First, the conceptual solution architecture is
drafted to a detailed level. Second, instructions for constructing all elements of the solution are specified. Third, the
initial strategy for realizing the proposed solution and attaining business objectives is finalized. Finally, the Project
Workplan is updated to include activities for constructing all solution elements and deployment materials, (such as
training and communications)

Deliverables
Current Communication Infrastructure

Data Design Package

Development Coordination Procedures

Compensation & Recognition Assessment Design Specification

Infrastructure Engineering Package

Current Enablement Infrastructure Review Logical Solution Architecture

Requirements Attainment Strategy

Current Staffing Assessment

Requirements Management Strategy

Test Cases

Current Training Assessment

Role Based Access Description Form

Test Plans

Requirements Traceability Matrix

Security Design Diagram & Description

Test Scripts

Risk Assessment Form

System Implementation Strategy

Test Strategy

Work Force Enablement Strategy

Technical Design Package

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Security Standards Exception Form

(Overview)

Design

Best Practices
Summary of Architecture & Design Techniques

Arch.
&
Design

Application Architecture & Design


Developing Test Cases from Use Cases
Job Analysis
Creativity
Process Simulation
CRUD Analysis
Structured Round
T-Chart
Fishbone Diagram
Flowchart
Matrix Diagram
Time Charting
Persuasion
Workshop

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(Overview)

Co
n
Un stru
it
Te ct &
st
In
te
& gra
Te te
st

Construct

Construct:

The fourth phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Construct & Unit Test:

The Construct & Unit Test Sub-Phase builds and


individually tests all project related deliverables for a given release, including system,
infrastructure, business, organizational, and work force enablement deliverables.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


All elements of a project solution and materials needed for deployment of that solution are produced according to
specifications created during the Architecture & Design Sub-Phase. These include:
Standard Operating Procedures and acquisition/ set-up of related facilities
Organization Charts, organization charters, and job descriptions
Coded and unit-tested business software and related conversion software
Physical databases for the development, testing, and production environments
Configured infrastructure for the development, testing, and production environment
Unit test results and test scripts for use during the Integration and Test Sub-Phase
Educational materials
Preplanned communications
Materials for acquiring, reducing, and transferring staff

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(Overview)

Co
n
Un stru
it
Te ct &
st
In
te
& gra
Te te
st

Construct

Deliverables

Best Practices

Programming Code

Managing varied approaches to application development

Staffing Materials

Object-Oriented Development

Testing Defect Log

Testing Completeness

Testing Quality Gate Log


Test Scripts
Training Materials

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(Overview)

Co
n
Un stru
it
Te ct &
st
In
te
& gra
Te te
st

Construct

Construct:

The fourth phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Integrate & Test:

After Unit Testing Sub-Phase is completed all modules are tested


in user case sequence from beginning to end

Templates
Programming Standards & Guidelines

Best Practices
Testing Completeness

Staffing Materials
Testing Defect Log
Testing Quality Gate Log
User Cases
Test Scripts
Training Materials

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(Overview)
Implement

Implement:
Execute
Plans

The fifth phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Implement:

The Implementation Sub-Phase deploys the integrated project solution or


solution release that was created to meet a specific set of business requirements and
objectives. The solution release includes deliverables from all relevant subject areas, i.e.
business process, organization, application, data and technology. Implement occurs after all
formal testing of solution elements is complete for a particular release, all major structural
issues should have been worked out earlier in the project lifecycle.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


The primary objectives of this sub-phase is to effect the Requirements Attainment Strategy developed in the
Requirements Sub-Phase and expanded upon in Architecture & Design. During this sub-phase, targeted sites receive
new/revised systems, organizations, roles and responsibilities, and facilities. To ensure a receptive and well-prepared
environment, related training, communications, and incentive programs are also delivered. Finally, metrics are
gathered and monitored in order to determine the effectiveness of the implemented solution.

Templates

Best Practices

Implementation Schedule

Training Workshop

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(Overview)
Operate:

The sixth phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Warranty:
Clo
Pr se
oje
ct

Wa
rra
nty

Operate

Warranty occurs after the Implement Sub-Phase is completed. At the


completion of the Implement Sub-Phase, the project team is still in place and is responsible
for supporting the application in the production environment. The major purpose of the
Warranty sub-phase is to transfer management of the application in the production
environment to the production support organization.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


During the Warranty Sub-Phase, the project team is transitioned to other activities, change management occurs in
conjunction with planning for the next project phase (should there be another project phase), project sign-offs are
obtained, the post-implementation review is scheduled, and application support is handed off to the maintenance
support organization.

Templates

Best Practices

Handoff Schedule

Training Workshop

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(Overview)

Clo
Pr se
oje
ct

Wa
rra
nty

Operate

Operate:

The sixth phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Close Project:

The Close Project flow is provided to ensure project data is finalized


and provided to appropriate areas, and those projects results are effectively implemented.
The Project Manager includes the closing of tangential processes such as terminating
external staff access to other Information Technology resources so resources can be free to
complete other work tasks. Effectively closing out a project is a disciplined manner can be as
beneficial as disciplined planning and execution. This task circles back to the original
planning that was done for the project, and formally ensures that the project outcomes are
consistent with the baseline plans. Closeout Services begins with the original business
justification for selecting the project inclusion in the Project Portfolio, to the answers to the
Three Key Questions, and finally to the deliverables identified in each High Level Project Plan.

What is Accomplished in this Sub-Phase?


The formal acceptance and signoff of each deliverable in this task closes the loop of the project life cycle. It
determines whether, or to what extent, the final project outcomes are consistent with baseline plans for the projects
duration, cost and performance. Any changes to the project baselines that have occurred during the execution of the
project should be supported by formal change orders completed during Project Monitoring and Control . This task
concludes with the assignment of responsibilities and dates for resolving any outstanding issues so the Project
Sponsor will fell comfortable signing off on the Project with an assurance that the last details will be addresses.

Templates

Best Practices

Team Member Evaluation

Post Mortem

Project Closure Report


Project Survey
Engineering Metrics Survey

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VOC Guide
Customers

Planning
Identify

Retain
Relationship

Needs
Assessment

People

Lessons
Learned

(commitment)

Segment
Process
Profile
Platform
Integrate
Product

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Personalize
Internet
Experience

60

Developing Tactics
CEO Vision

VOC

Requirements

Organizational
Strategy

Strategic Requirements
Objectives

Product

Service

Project Tactics

Process

Technical
Infrastructur
e
59

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Problems in Gathering
Requirements

Requirements not
agreeable to all parties
Requirements too rigid to
adapt to changing
priorities
Insufficient time available
Requirements not
adequately quantified

Functional gaps
Lack of Support
High personnel turnover
Insufficient knowledge of
targeted area
Inadequate experience
with new technology

61
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Establishing SMART Objectives

Specific
Measurable
Agreed To
Realistic
Time Constrained

62
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Project Charter

Planning document which states the


project commitment
Internal document identifying the project
managers authority and responsibility
Identifies the scope of the project
Identifies functional support responsibilities
Identifies the projects priority

63
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Project Charter Elements


Business need the project was
undertaken to address

Desired flow of documentation


and information

Product description

Support requirements from


other organizations

Project scope and objectives


Names and titles for
responsibility
Preliminary delineation of roles
and responsibilities
Project Managers authority
and responsibilities

Expectations for change


control, budget, and project
reports
Management approval of above
items

Adapted from PMBOK Guide


64
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Assign the Project Manager

Identify/assign the project manager:

As early as feasible in the project


Prior to start of execution
Preferably before much planning is done

Adapted from PMBOK Guide


65
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Constraints and Assumptions

Constraints: Factors that limit the project


management teams options
Assumptions: Factors that will be
considered true, real, or certain for
planning purposes

Adapted from PMBOK Guide


66
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Why Change Occurs

Users change their mind


Everything is constantly evolving
Additional information is received
Technology changes

67
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Requirements Management
Document and classify requirements
changes
Determine if the change is within scope
Analyze the change for impact
Submit the change for approval
If approved, allocate and trace
requirements throughout the system
68
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Managing Change
Identify the change with a Change
Request
Assess the change
Receive approval/approval for it
Communicate the decision
If approved, implement the change

69
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Change Control Board


Approves, defers, or rejects change
requests
Typical members:
Project manager (leads Board)
Project team members
Customer representative
Configuration manager (serves as
Secretariat)
70
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Configuration Management

CM is a documented procedure designed


to

Identify and document characteristics


Control changes to characteristics
Record and report changes and their
implementation status
Audit items
Adapted from PMBOK Guide

71
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(Analysis)
Initiate

Initiate:

Define
&
Initiate

Project
Charter

The first phase of the Software Development Life Cycle

Define & Initiate:

The purpose of the Define & Initiate Sub-phase is to expand on a


concept or project proposal in order to justify funding for an official project. Because the work
effort involved with this sub-phase could vary greatly, skilled resources are often required. It is
critical that the initial step to register the project is accomplished.

Sponsor

Project
Manager

Cost
Benefit
Analysis

Business
Case
Project Description

Cost Benefit Analysis

Alternative Analysis
Deliverables

Map Business Case

Financial Tracking

Process
Step

Decision
?

Initial Risks

Workshop
Visioning

Additional PM Tasks
Request Project ID

Output/
Deliverable

Data
Storage

Hopes & Fears


3 Key Questions

Obtain Expense Center


Set-up Time Tracking Code
Project Documentation Repository
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Link
to
External Process

PROJECT SELECTION
Technological
Environmental
Legal
Economic, etc..
Economic,
etc..
Factors

Stockholders
&
Sponsor
Stakeholder
Needs

Customers
Executives
Executives
Partner
Partner
Needs
Needs

Customer
Needs
&
Expectations

Project
Request
Handling
Process

Business Case
Business Case

Steering Committee
Member Vote weighted
by Customer
Requirements and
Corporate
CorporateStrategy
Strategy
Alignment

Project Selection with


Sponsor selected by
Steering Committee
Members

47
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Business Case

Project

Document
Project
Description

Capture
Initial
Risks

Identify
Impacts
to Others

Document
Alternative
Analysis

Capture
Stakeholders
And
Deliverables

Project
Business
Case

Place BC into
Project Folder

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Document
Interdependencies,
Assumptions
&
Constraints

Benefit-Cost Ratio

>1 = profitable; benefits exceed costs


<1 = not profitable; costs exceed benefits
= 1 = benefits equal costs
BCR = Cash flow
Initial Cash Outlay

55
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Present Value
PV = Vt /(1 + i)t
Vt = Value of money invested in t
t = Number of time periods from today
i = Interest rate or internal discount rate
Net present value (NPV) =
PVrevenues PVcosts
56
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Payback Period

Initial fixed investment for the project


divided by the estimated annual cash
inflows from the project
Ratio of these quantities shows the years
required for the project to repay its initial
investment

57
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9.0
Systems

9.1
Planning

9.2
Service
Delivery

IT Enabling Process

9.3
Prod.
Svc. Mgmt.

9.1.1 Define IT
Business Strategy
Solicit &
review
business
input

Evaluate
requirements
against industry
trends & new
technology

Update 3
Year
Strategic
Plan

9.1.4 Communicate Plan

9.1.2
Assess
Strategic
Elements

9.1.3 Define
Implementation
Plan

Present
plan to
Steering
Committee

Yes

No

Distribute
Plan to IS
and
Business

Plan
Approved?

Measures
Input (x)
Start Date

Present to IT
Senior
Management for
Acceptance

Review
Implementation
policies

No

Plan
Approved?

Develop necessary
ground rules /
policies and
effects on the
business

Consolidate
guidelines,
directives &
strategy for
implementation
plan

Yes

Distribute
Accepted
Implementation
Plan

Measures
Output (y)

Input (x)

Output (y)

End Date

Start Date

End Date
no. of Projects
Management Resistance

Do Outputs meet Customer CTQs?

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Delivery Processes

5.1
Delivery

Value
Added

Non-Value
Added

Redundant

CTQ

Effective

Efficient

Is there a
Better
Way?

5.1.1
Delivery Strategy

5.1.2
Review Material Requirements

5.1.3
Evaluate Select Vendor

5.1.4
Purchasing P.O.

5.1.5
Present Plan to Steering
Committee

N/A

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Rework Loops highlighted in Red


GO
Decision

IMPLEMENTATION
Conduct
Analysis
Create Implementation
Guide

Draft
EPRO

Migration
Structure
Mapping Job
Aid
Impl.
Guid
e

STRUCTURE

Draft
ePRO

Expert Team
Meeting
Track
Systems
Loads

Create Client ID

Review
Draft ePRO

To
Structure,
Benefits,
and
Eligibility

SMT linking
legacy
structure to
end state
Complete
Structure

To
Structure,
Benefits,
and
Eligibility

Client
ID

Inspection/Verify
with e-PRO

OK For
Release
to Vendor

ePRO

Update
EPRO

Draft
e-PRO

Yes

No

OK?

EPRO
Rework

Test Scenarios
Go back to
Rates
Fix Claim
Errors

OK?

Yes

Yes

No

No

Review
Draft
EPRO

OK?

Yes

Check vs. ePRO

OK?

Yes

No

CAIP

Reformat
Client
Eligibility Data

Receive Enrollment
Data

Load Data into


Downstream
Systems
No

OK?

Check vs. ePRO

Release
ATC
To Vendor

BPC &
Class
Codes

Create
Codes

Match &
Merge

e-PRO
Redo?
Yes

Structur
e in
CDB

Yes
Get
Underwriting
Approval

No

ELIGIBILITY

Legislative Tool
Review

ID Claim
Scenarios

CDB

No

EPRO
Rework?
From
Benefit
s

Run Legislative
Tool

Request/Receive
Request
Codes
Codes

No
Release e-PRO
Record

BENEFITS
Review
TS

Set Up Client ID in
End State
Structure

Eligibility
In CED

Load data in
CEO

Yes

Fix Errors

Data
Engines
Loaded
(e.g ATC,
DocGen,
etc)

No

Are
errors
resolve
d?

Yes

e-PRO
Rework

OUT OF SCOPE
PROCESS STEPS
SALE
Get
S Underwriting
Approval
Client
Input
To Sales

To
Structure

CLIENT /
CUSTOMER

Enrollmen
t File
GO
Decisio
n

To
Eligibility

ID
Card
s

Production
Migration
Support

Cancel
Legacy
Structure

ERW To
Implementatio
n

Employer Services functional areas

Processes shaded in green are specific to

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ERW

e-Pro
Rework

VENDO
R
(ID
CARDS)

From
Vendor

Member
cancelle
d
in
Legacy

Create
ERW

VOB
ERW
From
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Processes out of scope, but critical to


Employer Services

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Harrington Institute of Quality @2003 research all rights reserved (do not sell, copy, or give away this information)

Project Team Structure


Customer Input

Balanced Score Card Input

Supplier Input

Project Steering Committee

Project Sponsor (s)

Support Areas

Finance
Legal
Information Systems
Training, etc...

Project Manager
Business case management Project Results
Financial Management
Scope, Quality
Resource Management
Issues, Risks
Schedules
Change Control

Metrics

Data Design Team

Process Analysis Team

Project Office
Team

Knowledge Management
Data Warehouse
Data Management
Customer Profiling Requirements

Business Process Definition


Subject Matter Experts
Requirements Definition
Policy & Procedure Changes

Project Administration
Schedule Support
Reporting
Documentation Management

Implementation Team
Implementation Strategy
Application Cutover Strategy
Phased Implementation Schedule
Integration Management

Testing Team
Test Strategy Plans
Requirements Tracing
User Acceptance Testing
Test Cases & Scripts

Organizational
Product/
Service
Design
Team Team
Business Impact Assessment
Business Readiness Assessment
Communications
Organizational Integration

Harrington Institute of Quality @2003 research all rights reserved (do not sell, copy, or give away this information)

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