Chapter 2 Body Coordination.

Topic 2 Body Coordination
2.1
Body Coordination
Koordinasi Badan
ITeach Science Form 4
Body Coordination
Body Coordination
Is a process where various parts of body work together to produce an

appropriate response to the changes around us that are called stimuli.
Body Coordination
Controlled by
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan
Koordinasi Badan
Koordinasi Badan
Adalah satu proses di mana pelbagai bahagian badan berkerjasama dalam

memberi tindak balas terhadap perubahan di sekeliling tubuh yang dikenali
sebagai rangsangan.
Koordinasi Badan
Dikawal oleh
Sistem Saraf
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Sistem Endokrin
Body Coordination
The Important of Body Coordination
Enable our body to respond to changes in our surrounding.
Avoid situition and protect our body from injuries.
Coordinates all body activities to regulate appropriate responses to

the changes.
Koordinasi Badan
Kepentingan Koordinasi Badan
membenarkan badan menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan sekitar.
Mengelakkan dan melindungi tubuh badan daripada kecederaan.
menyelaras aktiviti badan bagi membolehkannya bertindak balas

dengan perubahan sekitar.
The Human Nervous System

Stimulus And Response
Stimulus
Change in the internal or external environment.

Example : change in light, heat, sound, pressure, touch.
Response
Process that promotes action
Stimulus
Body
coordination
Response
Example
Stimulus
Our hand accidentally
touch a hot iron
Coordination
centre
Response
Our hand quickly draw
away from the hot iron
Important
This is to protect the
hand from injures.
Koordinasi Badan
Rangsangan Dan Tindak Balas
Rangsangan
Perubahan pada persekitaran dalam atau luar.

Contoh : perubahan haba, tekanan, sentuhan, bunyi, cahaya.
Tindak Balas
Proses yang mencetuskan tindakan.
Rangsangan
Koordinasi Badan
Tindak Balas
Contoh
Rangsangan
Tangan tersentuh
seterika panas.
Pusat Koordinasi
Tindak balas
Tangan akan menjauhi
seterika dengan segera.
Kepentingan
Mengelakkan tangan
dari tercedera.
2.2

Sistem Saraf Manusia

Human Nervous System
Brain
Central
nervous
system
Spinal
cord
Cranial
nerves
Spinal
nerves
Somatic
nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous system
(join to internal
organ)
Peripheral
nervous system

Otak
Sistem saraf
pusat
Saraf
tunjang
Saraf
kranium
Saraf
spina
Sistem
saraf
soma
Sistem saraf
autonomi
(berhubung
dengan organ
dalaman)
Sistem saraf
periferi

Central Nervous System
Receives information from sensory organs, interprets and send to concern
organs to respond accordingly.
Brain
Spinal cord
protected by the skull / cranium.
Protected by the backbone.
made up of grey matter (outer

layer) and white matter (inner
layer) which consist of neurons.
Consists of relay neurons.
controls all the body activities.
Carries impulses to and from the

brain.
Controls reflex action.
Skull
Brain
Spinal cord

Sistem Saraf Pusat
Menerima maklumat daripada organ deria, mentafsir, dan menghantar

maklumat ke organ motor untuk melakukan tindakan yang sesuai.
Otak
Saraf tunjang
Dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak/

kranium.
Terdiri
neuron.
daripada
berjuta-juta
Terbahagi kepada jirim kelabu

(lapisan luaran) dan jirim putih
(lapisan dalaman).
Mengawal semua aktitivi badan.
Tengkorak
Otak
Dilindungi oleh tulang belakang.

Terdiri
daripada
perantaraan.
neuron
Membawa impuls ke dan dari

otak.
Mengawal tindakan refleks.
Saraf tunjang

Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
12 pairs that originate from the brain

and connect to sense organs in head
and neck.
31 pairs that originate from the spinal

cord and connect to sense organs and
effectors in the whole body, hand and
legs.
Eye
Cranial nerves
Spinal cord
Spinal
nerves Muscle Skin
Nerve
fibres
(axons)

Sistem Saraf Periferi
Saraf kranium
Saraf spina
12 pasang saraf yang berasal dari otak

dan bersambung dengan organ deria
di kepala dan leher.
31 pasang yang berasal dari saraf

tunjang dan bersambung dengan
bahagian lain dalam badan seperti
tangan dan kaki.
Mata
Saraf kranium
Saraf tunjang
Saraf
spina Otot
Neuron
(akson)
Kulit

Neurone
Basic function unit of the nervous system.
To carry nerve impulses

Nucleus
Cell body
Ranvier node
Dendrons
Dendrites
Myelin
sheath
Axon

Neuron
Unit fungsi asas sistem saraf.
Membawa impuls saraf.

Nukleus
Badan sel
Nodus Ranvier
Dendron
Dendrit
Salut
Meilin
Akson

Part Of The Neurone And Its Function
Part of neurone
Function
Cell body
Control all the activities of neurones.
Dendrite
Receive impulses and transmits to dendron.
Dendron
Receives impulse and transmits to cell body.
Atom
Transmits impulse out of the cell body.
Myelin sheath
Thick layer of fatty substance along axon to prevent leakage

of impulses. It increases the speed of impulse transmission.
Ranvier node
Help to speed up the transmission of impulse.

Bahagian-bahagian pada Neuron Dan Fungsinya
Bahagian neuron
Badan sel
Fungsi
Mengawal semua aktiviti neuron.
Dendrit
Menerima dan menghantar impuls ke dendron.
Dendron
Menerima dan menghantar impuls ke badan sel.
Akson
Salut Meilin
Nodus Ranvier
Menghantar impuls keluar dari badan sel.

Melindungi akson dan dendron serta mencepatkan
penghantaran impuls.
Membantu mempercepat penghantaran impuls.
Three Type Of Neurones
Sensory
Neurones
Relay
Neurones
Motor
Neurones
Tiga Jenis Neuron
Neuron deria
Neuron
perantaraan
Neuron motor
Sensory Neurones
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Direction
of impulse
Dendrite
Dendron
Receptor
(sensory organ)
Ranvier
node
Axon
Carry impulse from receptors (sensory organs) to the central nervous system
Cell body at the side of the nerve.
Dendron is longer than the axon.
Neuron Deria
Badan sel
Salut Meilin
Arah impuls
Dendrit
Dendron
Reseptor
(organ deria)
Nodus Ranvier Akson
Menghantar impuls dari reseptor (organ deria) ke sistem saraf pusat.
Badan sel di bahagian tepi neuron.
Dendron lebih panjang daripada akson.

Relay Neurones
Direction of impulse
Cell body
Dendron
Dendrite
Axon
Connect sensory neurones and motor neurones.
Located in the central nervous system.
Cell body at the central of nerve.
Axons and dendron extending from cell body.

Neuron Perantaraan
Arah impuls
Badan sel
Dendron
Dendrit
Akson
Menghubungkan neuron deria dengan neuron motor.
Terdapat dalam sistem saraf pusat.
Badan sel berada di pusat neuron.
Akson and dendron memperluas dari badan sel.

Motor Neurones
Cell body
Ranvier node
Dendrite
Myelin sheath
axon
Dendron
Effector
(muscles or
glands)
Direction of impulse
Carry impulses from central nervous system to muscles and glands

(effectors) in the body.
Cell body at the end of the nerve.
Axon is longer than the axon.

Neuron Motor
Badan sel
Nodus Ranvier
Salut Meilin
Akson
Dendrit
Dendron
Efektor
(otot atau
kelenjar)
Arah impuls
Menghantar impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau kelenjar (efektor)
dalam badan.
Badan sel berada pada hujung neuron.
Akson lebih panjang daripada dendron.
2.3
Nervous Coordination
Koordinasi Saraf
Nerve impulse is a message conveyed along in the form of a weak
electrical pulse
Any changes that
occur inside and
outside of the
human body.
Sensory that
detect stimuli and
convert it into
electrical impulses
Transmit impulse
to central nervous
system
Stimulus
Receptors
Sensory
neurones
Central
nervous system
Response
Effector
Motor neurones
Appropriate action
taken toward the
stimulus.
Muscles or glands
that respond
Transmit impulse to
the effectors
Brain and
spinal
integrate
the
information.
Koordinasi Saraf
Koordinasi Saraf
Impuls saraf adalah mesej yang disampaikan dalam bentuk denyut
elektrik yang lemah.
Sebarang
perubahan yang
berlaku di dalam
atau di luar badan
manusia.
Organ deria yang

mengesan dan
menukar
rangsangan kepada
impuls elektrik.
Menghantar impuls
ke sistem saraf
pusat.
Rangsangan
Reseptor
Neuron deria
Otak dan saraf

tunjang
mengintegrasikan maklumat.
Sistem saraf
pusat
Tindak balas
Efektor
Neuron motor
Tindakan yang
sesuai dengan
rangsangan
dilakukan.
Otot atau kelenjar

yang akan
bertindak balas.
Menghantar impuls
ke efektor.
The pathway of the nerve impulse of a student to copy note from
the white board
3.
4.
The nervous impulses

pass to relay neurones
in the brain
Sensory
neurone
2.
1.
Receptors
trigger
nerve
impulses
in
sensory neurones.
Receptor in the eyes

see the notes on the
blackboard.
The brain interprets the

impulses from many relay
neurones and you realise
that the phone is ringing.
Your brain also decides
that you should copy the
notes.
Motor neurone
Relay
neurone
Receptor in
the eye
5.
Impulses travel along motor

neurones to the muscles
Muscles in the arm

6.
Muscles in the arm carry out

the response and you take a
pen and paper to copy the
note.
Koordinasi Saraf
Koordinasi Saraf
Perjalanan impuls saraf bagi seorang pelajar yang menyalin nota
dari papan putih.
3.
Impuls saraf dihantar ke

neuron
perantaraan
dalam otak.
4.
Neuron
perantaraan
Neuron deria
2.
Neuron motor
Reseptor
mencetus
impuls saraf dalam
neuron deria.
5.
Reseptor
dalam mata
1.
Reseptor dalam mata

melihat nota pada
papan putih.
Otak mentafsir impuls

saraf
dari
neuron
perantaraan dan memberi
arahan
supaya
nota
disalin.
Neuron motor
impuls ke otot.
menghantar
Otot dalam lengan

6.
Otot dalam lengan menerima

arahan lalu mengambil pen
dan kertas untuk menyalin
nota.
Reflex Action
A reflex action is an immediate and automatic response toward a stimulus
without any conscious control.
Reflex action is involuntary.
The path taken by an impulse in reflex action is called reflex arc.
Stimulus
Receptors
Sensory
neurones
Synapse
Relay neurone in
spinal cord
Response
Effector
Motor neurones
Important of reflex action

Protect us from serious injuries or dangerous situation.
Synapse
Koordinasi Saraf
Tindakan Refleks
Tindakan refleks adalah suatu gerak balas segera dan automatik terhadap
sesuatu rangsangan luar tanpa kawalan otak.
Tindakan refleks adalah di luar kawalan.
Laluan yang dilintasi oleh impuls dalam tindakan refleks dikenali sebagai arka
refleks.
Rangsangan
Reseptor
Neuron deria
Sinaps
Neuron perantaraan
dalam saraf tunjang
Tindak balas
Efektor
Neuron motor
Kepentingan tindakan refleks

Melindingi kita daripada tercedera atau keadaan bahaya.
Sinaps
Reflex Action
Reflex Action
Example Of Reflex Action
i.
Reflex arc in a human kneejerk
ii. Reflex arc when a

touches a hot object
iii. Blinking the eyes when sand

is blown by wind.
hand
Koordinasi Saraf
Tindakan Refleks
Tindakan Refleks
Contoh Tindakan Refleks
i.
Arka tindakan refleks semasa

sentakan lutut
ii. Tindakan
refleks
semasa
tangan tersentuh objek panas
iii. Mengerdipkan mata apabila

pasir ditiup oleh angin
2.4
The Role Of Proprioceptors In Maintaining Balance
And Coordination
Peranan Reseptor Regang Dalam Mengekalkan
Keseimbangan Dan Koordinasi
The Role Of Proprioceptors In Maintaining Balance And Coordination

Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors are sense organs / receptors that are connected to sensory
neurones.
Proprioceptors are found in muscles, tendons, Iigaments, and vestibular in
the inner ear.
Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors in the
muscle spindles,
tendons and ligament
Prioprioceptor
Tendon
Muscle
spindle
Ligament
Muscle fibre
Nerve
ending
Proprioceptor in the
inner ear
Semicircular
canals
Reseptor Regang
Reseptor Regang
Reseptor regang adalah reseptor/ organ deria yang dihubungkan kepada
neuron deria.
Reseptor regang terdapat di dalam otot, tendon, ligamen, dan vestibular di
dalam telinga.
Reseptor regang
Reseptor di otot, tendon
dan ligamen
Tendon
Otot
Ligamen
Reseptor regang di
Reseptor regang Gentian otot
telinga dalam
Hujung saraf
Salur separuh
bulat

The Role Of Proprioceptors In Maintaining
Balance And Coordination
Proprioceptors respond to the changes, movement, pressure

and stretching felt within the body.
Impulses are then initiated and sent to the brain to be
interpreted.
Impulses are transmitted back to body part muscle that is
stimulated for coordination.
Proprioceptors play an important role in kinaesthesis
Kinaesthesis is a sense that allow us to be aware of the
position of our body to maintain balance and detect the
body movement.
Reseptor Regang
Peranan Reseptor Regang

Reseptor regang bergerak balas terhadap perubahan,
pergerakan, tekanan dan regangan.
Impuls yang tercetus dihantar ke otak untuk ditafsirkan.
Impuls dihantar balik ke bahagian otot yang dirangsang
supaya penyelarasan dilakukan.
Reseptor regang penting dalam kinestesis.
Kinestesis adalah deria yang membantu kita mengesan
kedudukan dan pergerakan anggota badan demi menjaga
keseimbangan badan.
Riding bicycle
Walking in
tight rope
Playing piono
Dancing
Activities Involved Kinaesthesis

Using hand to
determine the heavier
object between two
objects without seeing
it
Tiding shoe lace

without looking at it
Changing clothes in the

dark
Reseptor Regang
Menunggang
basikal
Berjalan di
atas tali
Main piano
Menari
Contoh Penggunaan Reseptor

Regang
Menggunakan tangan
untuk menentukan
berat di antara dua
objek tanpa melihat
objek.
Mengikat tali kasut

tanpa melihat
Menukar baju dalam

keadaan gelap
2.5
The Human Brain

Otak Manusia
The Human Brain

Human Brain
Medulla oblongata
Cerebrum
At the bottom part of brain and
connected to the spinal cord.
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Cerebrum
Consist of two hemispheres.
Biggest part of brain.
Made up of grey matter which is
highly folded to increase surface area
and store more neurone.
Controls mental, sensory and
voluntary action.
Controls involuntary action such as

heart beat.
Coordinates reflex action such as
coughing, vomiting.
Cerebellum
Below and behind cerebrum.
Two hemispheres and is folded.
Controls body balance .
Maintain posture.
Coordinates all body movement such

as cycling.
Otak Manusia
Otak Manusia
Serebrum
Medula oblongata
Terletak di bawah serebrum dan
bersambung dengan saraf tunjang.
Serebelum
Medula oblongata
Serebrum
Terdiri daripada dua hemisfera.
Bahagian otak yang paling besar.
Terdiri daripada jirim kelabu yang
berlipat-lipat untuk menambahkan
luas permukaan dan menyimpan
lebih banyak neuron.
Mengawal pemikiran dan ingatan,
aktiviti terkawal, serta deria.
Mengawal aktiviti luar kawal seperti

denyutan jantung.
Mengawal tindakan refleks seperti
batuk dan muntah.
Serebelum
Terletak di bawah dan belakang
serebrum.
Dua hemisfera yang berlipat-lipat.
Mengawal keseimbangan badan.
Mengekalkan postur badan.
Menyelaraskan pergerakan seperti
menunggang basikal.
The Human Brain

The Specific Parts Of The Human Brain And Its
Effect Of Injuries
Memory : Thinking, learning,

loss of memory
Speech :
Dumb
Smell and taste :
Unable to taste
Motor centre : Paralysis

Sense in skin and muscle :
Unable to interpret stimuli
from the skin
Vision :
Partially or completely blind.
Medulla oblongata
Explanation
Hearing :
Partially or completely deaf.
Otak Manusia
Bahagian-bahagian Otak Dan Kesan Mengalami
Kecederaan
Ingatan:
Berfikir, belajar, kehilangan
ingatan
Pertuturan:
Bisu
Deria bau dan rasa:
Hilang upaya merasa
Pusat motor :
Kelumpuhan
Deria pada kulit dan otot:
Hilang upaya mengesan
rangsangan di kulit
Penglihatan :
Sebahagian atau seluruhnya
buta
Medula oblongata
Penjelasan
Pendengaran :
Sebahagian atau seluruhnya
pekak
The Human Brain

Voluntary And Involving Action
Voluntary And Involving Action
Similarities : both involve centre nervous
system and peripheral nervous system
Voluntary
Involuntary
Control by
Cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Awareness
during activities
Yes
No
Action can be
controlled
Yes
No
Impulses
Involves somatic nervous

system
Involves automatic nervous

system
Speed of
response
Can be slower down or

speeded up
Fast
Writing
Example
Singing
Dancing
Heartbeat
Constriction of pupil
Excretion
Otak Manusia
Tindakan Terkawal Dan Tindakan Luar Kawal
Tindakan Terkawal Dan Tindakan Luar Kawal
Persamaan : melibatkan sistem saraf pusat
dan sistem saraf periferi
Terkawal
Luar Kawal
Dikawal oleh serebrum
Dikawal oleh medula oblongata
Melakukan aktiviti yang disedari
Melakukan aktiviti tanpa disedari
Aktiviti boleh dikawal
Aktiviti tidak boleh dikawal
Melibatkan sistem saraf soma
Melibatkan sistem saraf autonomi
Kadar tindak balas boleh dipercepat

atau diperlahan
Kadar tindak balas adalah cepat
Menulis
Denyutan jantung
Menari
Peristalsis
Menyanyi
Perkumuhan
2.6
Hormonal Coordination In The Body

Koordinasi Hormon Dalam Badan

Hormonal coordination or chemical coordination involves endocrine glands

and their secretions of hormones.
Hormones
secreted by
Endocrine glands
Pituitary
glands
Thyroid
gland
Adrenal
glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Koordinasi Hormon
Koordinasi Hormon
Koordinasi hormon atau koordinasi kimia melibatkan kelenjar endokrin yang

merembeskan hormon.
Hormon
Dirembes oleh
Kelenjar endokrin
Kelenjar
Pituitari
Kelenjar
Tiroid
Kelenjar
Adrenal
Pankreas
Ovari
Testis

Hormone
Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the

endocrine gland directly into the bloodstream.
A kind of protons.
Secreted in small quantities.
Has specified effect on target organ.
slow to respond but the response lasts long.
Koordinasi Hormon
Hormon
Hormon adalah bahan kimia yang dirembes oleh kelenjar

endokrin terus ke dalam aliran darah.
Merupakan sejenis protein.
Dirembeskan dalam kuantiti yang sedikit.
Memberi kesan yang khusus terhadap organ sasaran.
Bergerak balas lambat tetapi gerak balas kekal lama.

Endocrine Gland
Endocrine gland is a ductless gland that secretes

hormone directly into the bloodstream.
hormone
Endocrine
gland
bloodstream
Blood vessel
Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Endokrin
Kelenjar endokrin adalah kelenjar tanpa duktus yang

merembes hormon terus ke dalam aliran darah.
Hormon
Kelenjar
endokrin
Aliran darah
Salur darah

Endocrine System
Consists of endocrine glands and their secretions of hormone.
Response to stimuli
from
internal
and
external environment.
Endocrine Glands
Ductless glands
secrete
Small amount
Kind of proteins
Hormones
Directly into
bloodstream
Specific target organs in
another part of body.
Effect is
long
lasting
Slow to
respond
Koordinasi Hormon
Sistem Endokrin
Terdiri daripada kelenjar endokrin yang merembeskan hormon
Bergerak balas terhadap
rangsangan dari dalam
dan luar.
Kelenjar Endokrin
Kelenjar tanpa duktus
merembes
Kuantiti sedikit
Sejenis Protein
Hormon
Terus ke dalam
aliran darah
Organ sasaran spesifik di
bahagian badan lain.
Tindak
balas
kekal
lama
Tindak
balas
lambat

Main Endocrine Glands In Human Body
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Female
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Male
Pituitary gland
At the base of the

cerebrum gland.
Thyroid gland
lies in the neck region

in front of trachea.
Adrenal gland
above the kidneys.
Pancreas
below the stomach.
Ovary
in the abdomen.
Testis
protected by scrotum.
Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Endokrin Utama Dalam Badan Manusia
Kelenjar
Pituitari
Kelenjar Tiroid
Kelenjar
Pituitari
Kelenjar
Tiroid
perempuan
Kelenjar
Adrenal
Pankreas
Ovari
Testis
lelaki
Terletak di bahagian
bawah
kelenjar
serebrum.
Terletak di kawasan
leher
di
hadapan
trakea.
Kelenjar
Adrenal
Terletak di atas ginjal.
Pankreas
Terletak
perut.
di
bawah
Ovari
Terletak di
abdomen.
dalam
Testis
Dilindingi
skrotum.
oleh

Pituitary
Gland
Pituitary
Main gland because it

stimulates
other
endocrine glands.
Secrete
Hormone
Growth hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
Function
Stimulates growth of
muscles and bones
To
control
water
absorption from the
kidneys.
Gigantism
Kidney absorbs a lot of water

causing urine to be in a small
quantity and concentrated.
Dwarfism
Less water is absorbed by the

kidney causing urine to be in
large quantity and dilute.
Excessive Hormonal
Secretions
Deficient Hormonal
Secretion
Koordinasi Hormon
Pituitari
Kelenjar
Pituitari
Kelenjar utama kerana

ia merangsang kelenjar
endokrin yang lain.
merembes
Hormon
Hormon
Pertumbuhan
Hormon Antidiuretik
(ADH)
Fungsi
Merangsang
pertumbuhan otot dan
tulang.
Mengawal
penyerapan air dari
ginjal.
Berlebihan hormon
Kegergasian
Lebih air diserap di ginjal

menyebabkan
urin
yang
sedikit dan pekat dihasilkan.
Kekurangan hormon
Pertumbuhan
terbantut
Kurang air diserap di ginjal

menyebabkan
urin
yang
banyak dan cair dihasilkan.

Thyroid
Gland
Thyroid
Secrete
Hormone
Thryoxine
Function
Controls
the
bodys
metabolic
rate
and
stimulates growth.
Control mental
development in
children.
Excessive
Hormonal
Secretions
Metabolic
rate
increases, heart-beat
accelerate,
blood
pressure and body
temperature
increases.
Sweating
occur.
Deficient
Hormonal
Secretion
Metabolic
rate become
slow.
Protruding
eyeballs
Stunted physical and

retarded
mental
development in children.
Causes
goitre.
Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Tiroid
Kelenjar
Tiroid
Merembes
Hormon
Fungsi
Berlebihan
hormon
Kekurangan
hormon
Tiroksin
Mengawal
metabolisme
merangsang
pertumbuhan.
kadar
dan
Kadar
metabolisme
tinggi,
denyutan
jangtung laju, tekanan
darah dan suhu badan
meningkat.
Kadar
metabolisme
rendah.
Mengawal
perkembangan
minda
kanakkanak.
Banyak
berpeluh.
Bebola mata
menonjol.
Pertumbuhan
terbantut
dan perkembangan minda
terencat
di
kalangan
kanak-kanak.
Goiter.

Pancreas
Gland
Pancreas
Controls
blood
sugar level.
Secrete
Hormone
Insulin
Function
Converts glucose to
glycogen in the liver.
Controls blood sugar
level
Decreases blood sugar
level.
Excessive Hormonal
Secretions
Deficient Hormonal
Secretion
Blood sugar level drop,

which may lead to shock
and coma.
Blood
sugar
level
increases in blood and
urine.
May cause diabetes
mellitus.
Glucagon
Converts glycogen
glucose in the liver.
to
Increases blood sugar

level.
Koordinasi Hormon
Pankreas
Kelenjar
Pankreas
Mengawal
aras
glukosa dalam darah.
Merembes
Hormon
Insulin
Glukagon
Fungsi
Menukar glukosa ke
glikogen dalam hati.
Mengawal aras gukosa
dalam darah.
Menurunkan
aras
glukosa dalam darah.
Menukar glikogen ke
glukosa dalam hati.
Mengawal aras gukosa
dalam darah.
Menaikkan aras glukosa
dalam darah.
Berlebihan hormon
Aras glukosa dalam

darah menurun dan
menyebabkan koma.
Kekurangan hormon
Aras glukosa dalam

darah meningkat dan
menyebabkan penyakit
kencing manis.

Adrenal
Gland
Adrenal
Secrete
Hormone
Function
Adrenaline
Increase
the
rate of breathing
and heartbeat.
Increases
blood glucose
concentrations
Prepare
muscle action.
Excessive
Hormonal
Secretions
Blood pressure increases.
Blood sugar level and salt

concentration in blood
increases.
Deficient
Hormonal
Secretion
Muscle become weak.
Lack
of
ability
overcome stress.
to
Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Adrenal
Kelenjar
Adrenal
Merembes
Hormon
Fungsi
Berlebihan
hormon
Kekurangan
hormon
Adrenalin
Menaikkan kadar
pernafasan dan
denyutan
jantung.
Menaikkan
kepekatan
glukosa dalam
darah.
Menyediakan
tindakan otot.
Menaikkan tekanan darah.
Kandungan glukosa dan

garam
dalam
darah
meningkat.
Otot menjadi lemah.
Kurang upaya mengatasi

tekanan.

Ovary
Gland
Ovary
Secrete
Hormone
Function
Oestrogen
Stimulates
females
secondary sex
characteristics.
Excessive
Hormonal
Secretions
Deficient
Hormonal
Secretion
Controls
menstrual
cycle.
Prepares
uterus
lining
for pregnancy.
Extreme feminine characteristics.
Infertility.
Menstrual
cycle
interrupted.
Incomplete
development
secondary
characteristics
females.
of
sex
in
Koordinasi Hormon
Ovari
Kelenjar
Ovari
Merembes
Hormon
Fungsi
Estrogen
Merangsang
perkembangan
ciri-ciri
seks
sekunder
perempuan.
Berlebihan
hormon
Kekurangan
hormon
Mengawal
kitaran haid.
Menyediakan
uterus untunk
kehamilan.
Berlebihan ciri-ciri kewanitaan.
Ketidaksuburan
Kitar haid
terjejas.
Ketidaksempurnaan
perkembangan ciri-ciri
seks
sekunder
perempuan.

Progesterone
Gland
Progesterone
Secrete
Hormone
Function
Progesterone
Stimulates development of
milk
gland
during
pregnancy.
Excessive
Hormonal
Secretions
Deficient
Hormonal
Secretion
Prevent contraction of
uterus in pregnant woman
to avoid a miscarriage.
Miscarriage
Menstrual problems
Koordinasi Hormon
Progesteron
Kelenjar
Progesteron
Merembes
Hormon
Fungsi
Progesteron
Berlebihan
hormon
Kekurangan
hormon
Mengelakkan pengecutan
uterus semasa kehamilan
bagi
mencegah
keguguran.
Merangsang
perkembangan
kelenjar
susu semasa kehamilan.
Keguguran
Masalah kitaran haid

Testis
Gland
Testis
Secrete
Hormone
Function
Testosterone
Control males secondary
sex characteristic.
Stimulates the production

of sperms.
Excessive
Hormonal
Secretions
Extreme masculine characteristic
Deficient
Hormonal
Secretion
Incomplete development
of
secondary
sex
characteristics in males.
Low sperms count.
Koordinasi Hormon
Testis
Kelenjar
Testis
Merembes
Hormon
Fungsi
Berlebihan
hormon
Kekurangan
hormon
Testosteron
Mengawal perkembangan
ciri-ciri
seks
sekunder
lelaki.
Merangsang penghasilan
sperma.
Berlebihan ciri-ciri kelelakian.
Ketidaksempurnaan
perkembangan
ciri-ciri
seks sekunder lelaki.
Jumlah
berkurang.
sperma
2.7
Coordination Between The Nervous System And The

Endocrine System
Koordinasi Antara Sistem Saraf Dengan Sistem
Endokrin
Coordination Between The Nervous System And The Endocrine System
Similarities Between Nervous Coordination And

Endocrine Coordination
To control and regulate activities of organs in the

body.
Ensure survival of life.
Koordinasi Antara Sistem Saraf Dengan Sistem Endokrin
Persamaan Antara Koordinasi Saraf Dengan Koordinasi

Endokrin
Untuk mengawal atur dan menyelaras aktiviti

organ dalam badan.
Menjamin kemandirian hidup.

Differences Between
Nervous Coordination And Endocrine Coordination
Endocrine Coordination
Consists of
brain, spinal cord and

neurones (nerves)
endocrine glands and

hormone
Form of impulse
electrical
impulses
through nerves
chemicals
called
hormones
through
bloodstream
Speed of
transmission
fast
slow
Affected area
specific
gland
Effect
Response
organ
or
widespread
covers the
body
and
whole
temporary
long-lasting
immediate and shortlived
slow and long-lasting

Perbezaan Antara Koordinasi Saraf
Dengan Koordinasi Endokrin
Koordinasi saraf
Koordinasi endokrin
Terdiri daripada
Otak, saraf tunjang dan

neuron (saraf)
Kelenjar endokrin dan

hormon
Jenis impuls
Impuls elektrik melalui

saraf
Bahan
kimia
yang
dikenali sebagai hormon
melalui aliran darah
Kelajuan
penghantaran
Cepat
Perlahan
Kawasan yang
terjejas
Organ atau
spesifik
Kesan
Tindak balas
kelenjar
Meluas dan merangkumi

seluruh badan
Tidak kekal lama
Kekal lama
Cepat dan sementara
Perlahan
berkekalan
dan
Importance Of Coordination
Between Nervous System
And Endocrine System
Both nervous system and endocrine
system can detect changes in the
environment simultaneosly
Both system respond in their own way to
bring about appropriate reaction.
This enable our bodys function such as

physical, chemical and physiological
responses occur at their optimum level.
Kepentingan Koordinasi
Antara Sistem Saraf
Dengan Sistem Endokrin
Kedua-dua sistem saraf dan sistem
endokrin
mengesan
perubahan
persekitaran secara serentak.
Kedua-dua
sistem
bergerak
balas
terhadap rangsangan dengan cara
tersendiri.
Membolehkan fungsi badan mencapai
optimum dari segi tindak balas fizikal,
kimia dan fisiologi.

Example Of The Coordination Between The Nerous System And The
Endocrine System In Rsponse To A Specific Stimulus (Fright And Flight)
Stimulus = Source of danger (House on Five)
Receptor = Sense of organ (Ear, Eye, Nose)
Impulse is sent to
Parts of body
affected
1. Brain
2. Adrenal
gland
3. Heart
4. Lungs
5. Liver
6. Muscle
Effect of hormonal system
Effect of nervous system
Interpret the impulse and send to

receptive organs
Secretes adrenaline and transmit Impulse
sent through autonomic
through bloodstream.
nervous system.
Heart rate increases to supply more
Medulla oblongata controls involuntary
blood and oxygen to every parts of
action to increase heartbeat rate.
body
Bronchioles
dilate
to
increase Medulla oblongata controls involuntary
breathing rate to intake more oxygen. action to increase breathing rate.
Secretes
glucagon
to
convert
glycogen to glucose.
Blood supply increases to supply more Impulse receive by muscle, causing it to
energy to muscle.
contract to do action.
Blood supply to brain increases
Response Run away from danger / call for help!

Contoh Koordinasi Antara Sistem Saraf Dengan Sistem Endokrin Terhadap

Rangsangan Tertentu (Fright And Flight)
Rangsangan = Sumber kecemasan (Rumah terbakar)
Reseptor = Organ deria (Telinga, mata,hidung)
Impuls dihantar ke
Bahagian
Sistem endokrin
1. Otak
Peningkatan bekalan darah ke otak
2. Kelenjar
Adrenal
Hormon
adrenalin
dirembes
dan
dihantar melalui aliran darah
Kadar denyutan jantung bertambah
untuk membekal lebih banyak darah dan
oksigen kepada seluruh badan
Bronkiol memperluas untuk menaikkan
kadar pernafasan dan mengambil
masuk lebih oksigen
Glukagon dirembes bagi menukar
glikogen ke glukosa
Peningkatan
bekalan
darah
bagi
membekal lebih banyak tenaga kepada
otot
3. Jantung
4. Peparu
5. Hati
6. Otot
Sistem saraf
Mentafsir dan menghantar impuls ke
organ tertentu
Impuls dihantar melalui sistem saraf
autonomi
Aktiviti luar kawal dikawal oleh medula
oblongata bagi meningkatkan kadar
denyutan jantung
Aktiviti luar kawal dikawal oleh medula
oblongata bagi meningkatkan kadar
pernafasan
Otot menerima impuls lalu mengecut dan

bertindak
Tindak balas Melarikan diri / Minta tolong

2.8
Effects Of Drug Abuse On Body Coordination And
Health
Kesan Penyalahgunaan Dadah Terhadap Koordinasi
Badan Dan Kesihatan
Effect Of Drug Abuse On Body Coordination Health

Drugs
chemical substance that can influence the function of

the nervous system
Beneficial Of Drug
Beneficial Of Drug
Antibiotics
Use to treat diseases

cause by bacteria.
Eexample : Penicillin
Pamkiller
Use to relieve pain.
Example
Paracetamol Aspirin
Steriod
To treat disease under

doctors prescription.
Kesan Penyalahgunaan Dadah Terhadap Koordinasi Badan Dan Kesihatan

Dadah
Bahan kimia yang mempengaruhi fungsi sistem saraf
Kebaikan dadah
Kebaikan dadah
Antibiotik
Untuk
merawat
penyakit
yang
disebabkan
oleh
bakteria.
Contoh : Penicillin
Ubat menahan sakit
Untuk
melegakan
kesakitan.
Contoh : Parasetamol
dan Aspirin
Steriod
Untuk
penyakit
adanya
doktor.
merawat
dengan
preskripsi

Drug Abuse And Its Effect On Body Coordination
Drug abuse is the taking of drug excessively not for medical
purposes.
Stimulation
Brain becomes active.

Increase metabolic rate.
Becomes active, cannot sleep and
aggresive.
Effects Of Drug Abuse On
Body Coordination
Slow down body response

Slow down response to stimuli.
Poor muscular coordination.
Feel sleepy and less aware of his
surrounding.
Hallucination
Affect the function of brain.
Wrong perception of distance,
space and time.

Penyalahgunaan Dadah Dan Kesannya Terhadap Koordinasi
Badan
Penyalahgunaan dadah adalah pengambilan dadah secara
berlebihan dan bukan untuk tujuan perubatan.
Stimulasi
Otak menjadi aktif.
Kadar metabolisme bertambah.

Aktif, agresif dan tidak boleh tidur.
Kesan penyalahgunaan dadah
terhadap koordinasi badan
Gerak balas badan menjadi perlahan

Kurang
peka
terhadap
rangsangan.
Koordinasi otot yang kurang baik.
Mengantuk dan kurang sedar akan
persekitaran.
Halusinasi
Fungsi otak terjejas.
Salah persepsi terhadap jarak,
ruang dan masa.

Types Of Drug
Types of drug
Example
Stimulate reaction
Increase metabolism rate
Make a person more active, aggressive,

loss appetite and is unable to sleep
Slow down reaction

Calm a persons mind and less anxious.
Excessive amount may cause drowsiness

and may result in coma
Help to relieve pain

Induce sleep
Marijuana
LSD
Cannabis
Cause hallucination
Change the thought and emotion of the
user.
Glue
Paint thinner
Cause hallucination and damage brain,

lungs and kidneys.
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Nicotine
Depressants
Morphine
Barbiturate
Tranquiliser
Heroin
Opiates / Narcotics
Morphine
Heroin
Opium
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Stimulants
Effect

Jenis Dadah
Jenis
Stimulan
Depresen
Opiat / Narkotik
Halusinogen
Inhalan
Contoh
Kesan
Merangsang tindakan
Menaikkan kadar metabolisme
Seseorang menjadi aktif, agresif, hilang

selera makan, dan tidak dapat tidur
Memperlahan tindakan
Menenangkan minda dan mengurangkan
perasaan cemas seseorang
Pengambilan berlebihan menyebabkan
seseorang mengantuk lalu koma
Kokaine
Amfetamin
Nikotin
Morfin
Barbiturat
Tranquiliser
Heroin
Morfin
Heroin
Opium (candu)
Marijuana (ganja)
LSD
Kanabis
Gam
Pelarut cat
Melegakan kesakitan
Menyebabkan seseorang boleh tidur
Menyebabkan khayalan
Mempengaruh fikiran dan emosi seseorang
Menyebabkan khayalan dan kerosakan
otak, peparu dan ginjal
Low immune system

Susceptible to disease
Poor physical and mental

health
Effects
EffectsOf
Of
Drug
Drug
Abuse
AbuseOn
On
Health
Health
Withdrawal symptom
without drug
Vomiting,
diarrhoea
hallucination.
Loss of appetite
Causes malnutrition
Weaken respiratory system

Causes bronchitis and
flu.
High risk to contract

HIV and Hepatitis B
Due to sharing
injection needles
of
Sistem imun rendah

Terdedah
kepada
pelbagai penyakit
Kesan
Kesan
PenyalahPenyalahgunaan
gunaan
Dadah
Dadah
Terhadap
Terhadap
Kesihatan
Kesihatan
Kesihatan fizikal dan

mental terjejas
Gejala berhenti
pengambilan dadah
Muntah,
berkhayal
cirit
birit,
Kehilangan nafsu makan

Menyebabkan malnutrisi
Sistem pernafasan lemah

Menyebabkan bronkitis
dan selesema
Berisiko menghidapi HIV

dan Hepatitis B
Pengkongsian
suntikan
jarum

Factors The Cause Drug Abuse
Factors The Cause Drug Abuse
Factors That Cause

Drug Abuse
Peer influence.
Curiousity to try.
Run away from

personal problem
and daily pressure.
Pleasure seeking.

Faktor Menyebabkan Penyalahgunaan Dadah
Faktor Menyebabkan Penyalahgunaan Dadah
Faktor Menyebabkan
Penyalahgunaan Dadah
Pengaruh rakan
sebaya
Keinginan untuk
mencuba
Melarikan diri dari

masalah peribadi
dan tekanan harian
Mencari
keseronokan

Ways To Prevent Drug Abuse
Parental guidance and love for the young.
Education to prevent drug abuse and anti drug campaigns through mass
media.
Strict enforcement of low by authorities.
Rehabilitation of drug addicts.
Emphasis on religious and moral education.

Cara Mencegah Penyalahgunaan Dadah
Bimbingan dan kasih sayang ibu bapa.
Pendidikan bagi mencegah penyalahgunaan dadah dan kempen anti dadah

melalui media masa.
Memgetatkan undang-undang.
Pemulihan penagih dadah.
Penekanan atas pendidikan agaman dan moral.
2.9
Effects Of Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol On
Body Coordination And Health
Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Koordinasi Badan Dan
Kesihatan
Effects Of Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol On Body Coordination And Health

Alcoholic Drinks
All alcoholic drinks contain ethanol.
Ethanol is a psychoactive substance which can affect the efficiency of the body
coordination and health.
Tapai, sake and rice wine
From fermented rice.
Wine and brandy
From fermented
grape.
Example Of Alcoholic
Drinks
Whisky, Beer, Ale And Gin

From fermented grain
such as barley wheat.
Toddy
From fermented
fresh
juice
of
coconuts flower.
Cider
From fermented apple.
Different alcoholic drinks differ in the percentage of ethanol contain.

Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Koordinasi Badan Dan Kesihatan

Minuman Keras
Semua minuman keras mengandungi etanol.
Etanol adalah bahan psikoaktif yang boleh menjejas kecekapan koordinasi
badan dan kesihatan.
Tapai, Sake dan Wain beras
Diperbuat dari nasi yang ditapai
Wain dan Brendi
Diperbuat
dari
anggur
yang
ditapai
Contoh minuman keras
Wiski, Bir, Ale dan Gin

Diperbuat dari bijiran
yang ditapai seperti
gandum dan barli
Todi
Diperbuat dari jus
bunga
kelapa
yang ditapai
Cider
Diperbuat dari
yang ditapai
epal
Minuman keras yang berbeza mengandungi peratusan etanol yang berbeza.


Body Coordination
Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the nervous system and the brain functions.
Effects Of Alcohol In Different Dosages
Doses
Low
Medium
High
Effect On Body Coordination

Relaxing effect.
Reduces tension.
Reduces concentration.
Slows down bodys reaction time.
Poor judgement of distance.
Walk clumsy and unsteady.
Blurred vision.
Slurred speech.
Drowsiness.
Altered emotions.
Vomiting.
Breathing difficulties.
Unconsciousness.
Coma.

Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Koordinasi Badan
Alkohol adalah depresen yang meperlahankan fungsi sistem saraf dan otak.
Kesan Alkohol Pada Dos Berlainan
Dos
Rendah
Sederhana
Tinggi
Kesan Pada Koordinasi Badan

Mengurangkan ketegangan.
Mengurangkan tekanan.
Mengurangkan penumpuan.
Badan bertindak lambat.
Anggaran jarak kurang tepat.
Berjalan secara bergoyah-goyah.
Penglihatan kabur.
Pertuturan terjejas.
Mengantuk.
Emosi terjejas.
Muntah.
Sesak nafas.
Ketidaksedaran.
Koma.

Body Coordination
Alcohol is a small molecule
Alcohol is soluble in liquid and water solution
Alcohol easily gets into the bloodstream.
Effect Of Alcohol On Health
Organs
Damages caused by excessive consumption of alcohol
Brain
Slow down brain function.

Unconscious.
Damage brain cells causing brain size to shrink.
Liver
Hardening of liver or Cirrhosis.

Inflammation of the liver.
Heart
Heart muscles may deteriorate.

Causes high blood pressure.
Stomach
Causes gastric and ulcers.
Kidney
Kidney tend to reabsorbs less water.

Cause dehydration.

Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Kesihatan
Alkohol adalah molekul kecil
Alkohol melarut dalam cecair dan air
Alkohol mudah masuk ke dalam aliran

darah
Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Kesihatan

Organ
Kerosakan yang disebabkan oleh pengambilan berlebihan
Otak
Melambatkan fungsi otak.

Tidak peka.
Kerosakan sel otak menyebabkan saiz otak menyusut.
Hati
Pengerasan hati atau Sirosis.
Jantung
Kerosakan otot jantung.

Tekanan darah tinggi.
Perut
Menyebabkan gastrik dan ulser.
Ginjal
Kurang air diserap balik di ginjal.

Menyebabkan dehidrasi.
Keradangan hati.

Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol
Is harmful to
Drinkers
Families
Society
Cannot work properly.
Become aggressive
easily and cause
spousal or children
abuse.
Alcohol slows down

reaction time and
cause rood accident.
Affects
health.
Family breakdown.
Alcohol abuse may

cause crime.
drinkers
Loss of job and turn

to crime.
Broken family may

cause
social
problems.

Pengambilan Alkohol Berlebihan
Berbahaya bagi
Individu
Keluarga
Masyarakat
Tidak boleh bekerja

dengan baik.
Menjadi agresif lalu

mendera isteri atau
anak.
Menjejas
kesihatan
seseorang.
Keluarga
belah.
Melambatkan masa
bergerak balas dan
menyebabkan
kemalangan
jalan
raya.
Menyebabkan
berlakunya jenayah.
Ketidaksempurnaan
keluarga
menyebabkan
pelbagai
masalah
sosial.
Kehilangan kerja lalu

melakukan jenayah.
berpecah
2.10
The Importance Of A Sound And Healthy Mind

Kepentingan Minda Yang Waras Dan Sihat
The Important Of A Sound And Healthy Mind

Mind
Sound and health mind

Enables a
rationally.
person
Characteristic
healthy mind.
of
to
Mind is define as the

ability of brain to
think and reason
Unsound and unhealth mind

think
sound
and
A person cannot reason properly.

Characteristic of unsound and
unhealthy mind
Caring and loving.
Bad tempered.
Positive thinking.
Easily being stress up.
Fair when making judgement.
Make unfair judgement.

Minda adalah
kebolehan otak
seseorang berfikir.
Minda
Minda yang waras dan sihat
Minda yang kurang waras dan

kurang sihat
Membolehkan seseorang berfikir

secara rasional.
Seseorang tidak boleh berfikir

secara betul.
Ciri-ciri:
Ciri-ciri:
Prihatin dan berkasih sayang.
Tidak dapat mengawal perasaan.
Berfikiran positif.
Sentiasa berasa tertekan.
Wajar
semasa
penilaian.
membuat
Tidak wajar semasa membuat

penilaian.

Factors That Influence The Mind
Factors That Influence The Mind
External Factor
Internal Factor
Mental stress
(Examination and sad experieces)
Brain injury
(Disease or accident)
Social factor
(Family and peers)
Hormone imbalance
(Lack or excess hormone secretion)
Enviromenalt condition
(Weather and temperature)
Drug abuse
(Hallucination)
Excessive consumption of alcohol
(Central nervous system affected)
Disease
(Gastric or body ache)

Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minda
Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minda
Faktor Luaran
Faktor Dalaman
Tekanan minda
Kecederaan otak
(peperiksaan atau pengalaman sedih)
(penyakit atau kemalangan)
Faktor sosial
Ketidakseimbangan hormon
(keluarga dan rakan sebaya)
(kekurangan/berlebihan rembesan hormon)
Keadaan persekitaran
Penyalahgunaan dadah
(cuaca dan suhu)
(berkhayal)
Pengambilan alkohol secara

berlebihan
(sistem saraf pusat terjejas)
Penyakit
(Gastrik atau kesakitan badan)
Importance Of
Importance Of
Healthy Mind
Healthy Mind
Make a person cheerful

and positive thinking.
Enable a person to
make logical judgement
before action.
Kepentingan Minda Yang Sihat

Kepentingan Minda Yang Sihat
Supaya individu selalu

ceria dan berfikiran
positif.
Membolehkan individu
membuat
penilaian
yang logik sebelum
bertindak.
The End
i - Teach

Chapter 2 Body Coordination.

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Chapter 2 Body Coordination.

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Topic 2 Body Coordination

ITeach Science Form 4

Topic 2 Body Coordination

Is a process where various parts of body work together to produce an

ITeach Science Form 4

Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan

Adalah satu proses di mana pelbagai bahagian badan berkerjasama dalam

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4

Topic 2 Body Coordination

Enable our body to respond to changes in our surrounding.

Avoid situition and protect our body from injuries.

Coordinates all body activities to regulate appropriate responses to

ITeach Science Form 4

Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan

Kepentingan Koordinasi Badan

membenarkan badan menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan sekitar.

Mengelakkan dan melindungi tubuh badan daripada kecederaan.

menyelaras aktiviti badan bagi membolehkannya bertindak balas

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4

Topic 2 Body Coordination

The Human Nervous System

Change in the internal or external environment.

Process that promotes action

ITeach Science Form 4

Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan

Perubahan pada persekitaran dalam atau luar.

Proses yang mencetuskan tindakan.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4

Topic 2 Body Coordination

The Human Nervous System

ITeach Science Form 4

Topic 2 Body Coordination

The Human Nervous System

ITeach Science Form 4

Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan

Sistem Saraf Manusia

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4

Topic 2 Body Coordination

The Human Nervous System

protected by the skull / cranium.

Protected by the backbone.

made up of grey matter (outer

Consists of relay neurons.

controls all the body activities.

Carries impulses to and from the

ITeach Science Form 4

Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan

Sistem Saraf Manusia

Menerima maklumat daripada organ deria, mentafsir, dan menghantar

Dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak/

Terbahagi kepada jirim kelabu

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4

Dilindungi oleh tulang belakang.

Membawa impuls ke dan dari

Topic 2 Body Coordination

The Human Nervous System

12 pairs that originate from the brain

31 pairs that originate from the spinal

ITeach Science Form 4

Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan

Sistem Saraf Manusia

12 pasang saraf yang berasal dari otak

31 pasang yang berasal dari saraf

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4