b20 File678 2878

Race and Ethnicity
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions
RaceA socially constructed
category composed of people who
share biologically transmitted traits
that members of a society consider
important
Meanings and importance of race vary
across time and place.
No society contains biologically pure
people.
More genetic variation within each racial
category than between categories
Definitions
Ethnicitya shared cultural heritage
The United States is a multiethnic society
Like race, ethnicity is socially constructed
Remember: Race is constructed

from biological traits and ethnicity
is constructed from cultural traits,
such as ancestory, language, or religion.
For most people, ethnicity is more
complex than race.

Table 14.1
Racial and Ethnic Categories in the United States, 2007
Minority
Any category of people distinguished by
physical or cultural difference that a society
sets apart and subordinates
General characteristics
Distinct identity: Race, sex, sexual orientation, the
poor
Subordination: Often saddled with lower status
Stereotypes, stigma, and labeling

Group size not always a factor
Women in US outnumber men.
Blacks in South Africa outnumber whites.

National Map 14.1

Where the Minority Majority Already Exists

Prejudice
PrejudiceA rigid and unfair
generalization about an entire
category of people. ABCs True Colors vid
below.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yy
L5EcAwB9c
StereotypeAn exaggerated
description applied to every person in
some category
A Class DividedJane Elliot (Below)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sh
ows/divided/etc/view.html
Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis
h
Measuring Prejudice
The Social Distance Scale
1. Student opinion shows a trend toward
greater social acceptance.
2. People see fewer differences among various
minorities.
3. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,
might have reduced social acceptance of
Arabs and Muslims.

Figure 14.1
Bogardus Social Distance Research (Detail on next slide)
The social distance scale is a good way to measure prejudice. Part (a) illustrates the complete social distance scale, from least social distance
at the far left to greatest social distance at the far right. Part (b) shows the mean (average) social distance score received by each category of
people in 2001. Part (c) presents the overall mean score (the average of the scores received by all racial and ethnic categories) in specific
years. These scores have fallen from 2.14 in 1925 to 1.44 in 2001, showing that students express less social distance toward minorities today
Sociology,
13h inEdition
by John
Macionis
than they did in the past. Part (d) shows the range of averages, the difference between the highest and
lowest scores
given years
(in 2001,
for instance, it was 0.87, the difference between the high score of 1.94 forCopyright
Arabs and the
low score
of 1.07 Education,
for Americans).
ThisAll
figure
hasreserved.
also
2010
Pearson
Inc.
rights
become smaller since 1925, indicating that todays students tend to see fewer differences between various categories of people.
Figure 14.1 Detail

Racism
The belief that one racial category is innately
superior or inferior to another
Racism has been widespread

throughout US history where ideas
about racial inferiority supported
slavery.
Overt racism in the US has
decreased, but remains a serious
social problem.
Theories of Prejudice
Scapegoat theory
Disadvantaged people who unfairly
blame minorities for their own problems
Authoritarian personality theory

Rigid moralists who see things in black &
white
Culture theory
Everyone has some prejudice because its
embedded in culture.
Theories of Prejudice
Conflict theory
Self-justification for the rich and powerful in
the United States
Minorities might cultivate climate of race
consciousness in order to win greater power
and privileges.

Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life

The Distribution of Intelligence.
Discrimination
Unequal treatment of various categories of
people
Institutional prejudice and

discriminationBias built into the
operation of societys institutions
Carmichael and Hamilton: People are

slow to condemn or even recognize
institutional prejudice and discrimination
because it often involves respected public
officials and long-established practices.

The Vicious Circle

1. Prejudice and discrimination begin as
ethnocentric attitudes.
2. As a result, groups can be placed in a
situation where theyre socially
disadvantaged and labeled.
3. A groups situation, over time, is thus
explained as a result of innate inferiority
rather than looking at the social
structure. The cycle then repeats itself.

Figure 14.2
Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Circle
Prejudice and discrimination can form a vicious circle, perpetuating themselves.

Majority and Minority

Patterns of Interaction
PluralismA state in which people of all
races and ethnicities are distinct but have
equal social standing
AssimilationThe process by which
minorities gradually adopt patterns of the
dominant culture
MiscegenationBiological reproduction by
partners of different racial categories(vid
below)
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/2
9/us/1248069564399/young-and-mixed-in-am
Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis
Copyright
2010
Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
erica.html
h
Majority and Minority

Patterns of Interaction
SegregationThe physical and social
separation of categories of people
Prom in Mississippi (Below)
http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/pro
m_night_in_mississippi
/
GenocideThe systematic killing of

one category of people by another
National Map 14.2

Land Controlled by Native Americans, 1790 to Today
In 1790, Native Americans controlled three-fourths of the land (blue-shaded areas) that eventually became the United States. Today, Native
Americans control 314 reservations, scattered across the United States, that account for just 2 percent of the countrys land area. How would
you characterize these locations?
Source: Copyright (c) 1998 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Race and Ethnicity in the US

Native Americans
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
African Americans
Asian Americans
Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipinos
Hispanic/Latino Americans
Mexican, Puerto Ricans, Cuban
Americans
Arab Americans
White Ethnic Americans






National Map 14.3

The Concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, African Americans, Asian
Americans, and Arab Americans, by County
In 2007, people of Hispanic or Latino descent represented 15.1 percent of the U.S. population, compared with 12.8 percent
African Americans,
4.4 percent Asian Americans, and 0.5 percent Arab Americans. Comparing them, we see that the southern half of the U.S. is home to far more
Copyright
2010
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
minorities than the northern half. But do they all concentrate in the same areas?
What patterns
do Pearson
the maps reveal?
Race and Ethnicity:

Looking Ahead
The US will remain a land of immigrants.
Most immigrants arrived in a wave that
peaked about 1910.
Another wave of immigration began after
World War II and swelled as the government
relaxed immigration laws in the 1960s.
Todays immigrants come not from
Europe but from Latin America and Asia,
with Mexicans, Asian Indians, and Filipinos
arriving in the largest numbers.

b20 File678 2878

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

b20 File678 2878

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Race and Ethnicity

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Remember: Race is constructed

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Stereotypes, stigma, and labeling

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

National Map 14.1

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Figure 14.1 Detail

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Racism has been widespread

Authoritarian personality theory

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life

Institutional prejudice and

Carmichael and Hamilton: People are

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

The Vicious Circle

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Majority and Minority

Majority and Minority

GenocideThe systematic killing of

National Map 14.2

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Race and Ethnicity in the US

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis

National Map 14.3

Race and Ethnicity:

Potrebbero piacerti anche