ANSYS Steady-State Thermal Analysis Guide

Chapter Six
Thermal Analysis
Steady-State Thermal Analysis
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing steady-state thermal analyses in

Simulation will be covered:
Geometry and Elements
Contact and Types of Supported Assemblies
Environment, including Loads and Supports
Solving Models
Results and Postprocessing
The capabilities described in this section are generally

applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and
above, except for an ANSYS Structural license.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more
advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
ANSYS Workbench Simulation
Training Manual
It is assumed that the user has reviewed Chapters 1-3 prior to

this chapter. (Chapters 4-5 are optional)
March
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Simulation,

the temperatures {T} are solved for in the matrix below:
K T T Q T
This results in the following assumptions:

No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis
[K] can be constant or a function of temperature
Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity can be input for each
material property
{Q} can be constant or a function of temperature

Temperature-dependent film coefficients can be input for
convective boundary conditions
Training Manual
March
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
Training Manual
This means that the thermal analysis Simulation solves for is a

conduction-based equation.
Heat flow within a solid (Fouriers Law) is the basis of [K]
Heat flux, heat flow rate, and convection are treated as boundary
conditions on the system {Q}
No radiation is currently considered
No time-dependent effects are currently considered
Heat transfer analysis is different from CFD (Computational Fluid

Dynamics)
Convection is treated as a simple boundary condition, although
temperature-dependent film coefficients are possible.
If a conjugate heat transfer/fluid problem needs to be analyzed, one
must use ANSYS CFD tools instead.
Fouriers Law provides the basis of the previous equation:
It is important to remember these assumptions related to

performing thermal analyses in Simulation.
March
Physics Filters
Before proceeding to a detailed discussion on performing

thermal analyses in Simulation, it is useful to point out that
if a thermal-only solution is to be performed, the Physics
Filter can be useful to filter the GUI.
Under View menu > Physics Filter, unselect the Structural
option. Now, the available options in the Simulation GUI will
only reflect thermal analyses.
This applies to options in the
Environment and Solution
levels only.
If a thermal-stress simulation is to
be performed, do not turn off any
physics filters since both structural
and thermal options may be required.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Mechanical/Multiphysics
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
A. Geometry
In thermal analyses, all types of bodies supported by
Simulation may be used.
Solid, surface, and line bodies are supported by all products

which support thermal analyses.
For surface bodies, thickness must be input in the Details view of
the Geometry branch
The cross-section and orientation of line bodies is defined within
DesignModeler and is imported into Simulation automatically.
Although the cross-section and orientation is defined, this
information is meant for structural analyses, and the actual thermal
link element will have an effective cross-section based on the
input properties.
No heat flux or vector heat flux output is available with line bodies.
Only temperature results are available for line bodies.
The Point Mass feature is not applicable in thermal analyses
Training Manual
Point Mass is described in Chapter 4, Linear Structural Analysis.

ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
March
Geometry
It is important to understand assumptions related to using

shell and line bodies:
For shell bodies, through-thickness temperature gradients are
not considered. A shell body should be used for thin
structures when it can be safe to assume temperatures on top
and bottom of surface are the same.
Temperature variation will still be considered across the surface,
just not through the thickness, which is not explicitly modeled.
For line bodies, thickness variation in the cross-section is not

considered. A line body should be used for beam- or truss-like
structures, where the temperature can be assumed to be
constant across the cross-section.
Temperature variation will still be considered along the line body,
just not through the cross-section, which is not explicitly modeled.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Material Properties
Training Manual
Material input is under the Engineering Data tab, and material

assignment is per part under the Geometry branch
Thermal Conductivity is
input under the Engineering
Data tab.
Temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity can
be input as a table.
Other material input
is not used in thermal.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will

result in a nonlinear solution. This is because the temperatures are
solved for, but the materials are dependent on the temperatures, so
it is not linear.
The only required material property is thermal conductivity.
March
B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions

are automatically created between the solid bodies.
Surface-to-surface contact allows non-matching meshes at
boundaries between solid parts
Contact enables heat transfer between parts in an assembly
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Training Manual
Availability
x
x
x
Model shown is from a sample Inventor assembly.
March
Assemblies Contact Region
In Simulation, the concept of contact and target surfaces

are used for each contact region.
One side of the contact region is comprised of contact
face(s), the other side of the region is made of target face(s).
Heat flow is allowed between contact and target faces (based
on the contact normal direction)
When one side is the contact and the other side is the target, this is
called asymmetric contact. On the other hand, if both sides are
made to be contact & target, this is called symmetric contact.
However, the designation of which side is contact or target is
unimportant in thermal analysis.
By default, Simulation uses symmetric
contact for solid assemblies.
For ANSYS Professional licenses
and above, the user may change to
asymmetric contact, as desired.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Training Manual
Availability
x
x
x
March
As noted in the previous slide, heat flows within a contact

region in the contact normal direction
No heat spreading is considered in the contact/target interface
Heat spreading is considered within shell or solid elements at the
contact or target surfaces because of Fouriers Law
Heat flow within the contact region is in the contact normal
direction only
This means that, regardless of the definition of the contact region,
heat flows only if a target element is present in the normal
direction
In the figure on the left, the solid
green double-arrows indicate
heat flow within the contact
region. Heat flow only occurs if a
target surface is normal to a
contact surface.
The light, dotted green arrows
indicate that no heat transfer will
occur between parts.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Training Manual
Availability
x
x
x
March

In Simulation, various contact behaviors exist
The contact Type is meant for structural applications
If the parts are initially in contact, heat transfer will occur

between the parts. If the parts are initially out of contact, the
parts will not transfer heat between each other.
Based on the contact type, whether heat will be transferred
between contact and target surfaces is outlined below:
Contact Type
Bonded
No Separation
Rough
Frictionless
Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?

Initially Touching
Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
The pinball region is automatically defined and set to a

relatively small value to accommodate small gaps which may
present in the model. The pinball region will be discussed
next.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Training Manual
Availability
x
x
x
March

The pinball region may be input and
visualized in ANSYS Professional
licenses and above.
If the target nodes lie within the pinball region
and the contact is bonded or no separation,
then heat transfer will occur (solid green lines)
Otherwise, no heat transfer will occur between
nodes (dotted green lines)
Pinball Radius
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
In this figure on the right, the

gap between the two parts is
bigger than the pinball region,
so no heat transfer will occur
between the parts
Training Manual
March
Assemblies Thermal Conductance

By default, a high thermal contact conductance (TCC) is
defined between parts of an assembly
The amount of heat flow between two parts is defined by the

contact heat flux q:
q TCC Ttarget Tcontact
where Tcontact is the temperature of a contact node and Ttarget

is the temperature of the corresponding target node located
in the contact normal direction.
By default, TCC is set to a relatively high value, based on the
largest material conductivity defined in the model KXX and the
diagonal of the overall geometry bounding box ASMDIAG.
TCC KXX 10,000 / ASMDIAG
This essentially provides perfect conductance between parts.

ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Training Manual
Availability
x
x
x
March
Training Manual
One may want to include finite thermal conductance instead

Two surfaces (at different temperatures) in contact experience
a temperature drop across the interface. The drop is due to
imperfect contact between the two surfaces. The imperfect
contact, and hence the finite contact conductance, can be
influenced by many factors such as:
surface flatness
surface finish
oxides
entrapped fluids
contact pressure
surface temperature
use of conductive grease
Perfect thermal contact conductance between parts means

that no temperature drop is assumed at the interface.
T
x
March
In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may

define a finite thermal contact conductance (TCC) if the
Pure Penalty or Augmented Lagrange Formulation is used.
The thermal contact conductance per unit area is input for
each contact region in the Details view, as shown below.
If thermal contact resistance is known, invert this value and
divide by the contacting area to obtain TCC value.
When this is done, there will now be a temperature drop
between the contact and target surfaces for a contact region.
If Thermal Conductance is left
at Program Chosen, nearperfect thermal contact
conductance will be defined.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
The user can change this to

Manual to input finite thermal
contact conductance instead,
which is the same as including
thermal contact resistance at a
contact interface.
Training Manual
March

If using symmetric contact, the user does
not need to account for a double
thermal contact resistance.
Input values as normal
MPC bonded contact allows for perfect

thermal contact conductance.
In this case, no thermal contact
conductance is used nor defined because
contact is related via constraint
equations.
The contact node and corresponding
target node will have the same
temperature because of perfect contact
conductance.
Do not use Normal Lagrange
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
formulation for thermal analyses. If

selected, the ANSYS solver will actually
use Augmented Lagrange with a
perfect thermal contact conductance.
Training Manual
March
Assemblies Surface Body Contact

For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, mixed
assemblies of shells and solids are supported
Allows for more complex modeling of assemblies, taking
advantage of the benefits of shells, when applicable
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Training Manual
Availability
x
x
March
Assemblies Surface Body Contact

Edge contact is a subset of general contact
For contact including shell faces or solid
edges, only bonded or no separation
behavior is allowed.
For contact involving shell edges, only
bonded behavior using MPC formulation is
allowed.
For MPC-based bonded contact, user can set
the search direction (the way in which the
multi-point constraints are written) as either
the target normal or pinball region.
If a gap exists (as is often the case with
shell assemblies), the pinball region can be
used for the search direction to detect
contact beyond a gap.
Training Manual
MPC results in perfect contact conductance

ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
March
Assemblies Spot Weld

Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell
assemblies at discrete points for heat transfer
Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software. Currently,

only DesignModeler and Unigraphics define spotwelds in a
manner that Simulation supports.
Spotwelds can also be created in Simulation manually, but
only at discrete vertices.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
DesignModeler
Pro/ENGINEER
Unigraphics
SolidWorks
Inventor
Solid Edge
Mechanical Desktop
CATIA V4
CATIA V5
ACIS (SAT)
Parasolid
IGES
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
C. Loads
There are three types of loads in thermal analyses:
Heat Loads:
These loads pump heat into the system.
Heat loads can be input as a known heat flow rate or heat flow rate
per unit area or unit volume.
Adiabatic Condition:
This is the naturally-occurring boundary condition, where there is
not heat flow through the surface.
Thermal Boundary Conditions:

These boundary conditions act as heat sources or heat sinks with
a known temperature condition.
These can be either a prescribed temperature or a convection
boundary condition with a known bulk temperature.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Heat Loads
Heat Flow:
A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface.

The load gets distributed for multiple selections.
Heat flow has units of energy/time (i.e., power).
Heat Flux:
A heat flux can be applied to surfaces only.
Heat flux has units of energy/time/area (i.e., power/area)
Internal Heat Generation:

An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only.
Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.
Also, if multiple loads are present, the effect is cumulative.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Adiabatic Conditions
Perfectly Insulated:
Perfectly insulated condition is applied to surfaces
Can be thought of as a zero heat flow rate loading
This is actually the naturally-occurring condition in thermal

analyses, when no load is applied.
Usually, one does not need to apply a perfectly insulated condition
on surfaces since that is the natural behavior for a regular surface.
Hence, this loading is meant to be used as a way to remove loading
on specified surfaces. For example, it may be easier for a user to
apply heat flux or convection on all surfaces, then use the perfectly
insulated condition to selectively remove the loading on some
surfaces (such as those in contact with other parts).
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Thermal Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
At least one type of thermal boundary condition must be present.

Otherwise, the steady-state temperature will be infinite if only heat
is pumped into a system!
Also, Given Temperature or Convection load should not be applied
on surfaces that already have another heat load or thermal
boundary condition applied to it.
If applied on an entity which also has a heat load, the
temperature boundary condition will override.
Perfect insulation will override thermal boundary conditions.
Given Temperature:
This imposes a temperature on vertices, edges, or surfaces.
Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for, but this fixes
the temperature on selected entities to a given value.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Thermal boundary conditions present a known local or

remote temperature condition.
March

Convection:
Applied to surfaces only.
Convection relates a ambient temperature with the surface

temperature:
q hATsurface Tambient
where the convective heat flux q is related to a film coefficient

h, the surface area A, and the difference in the surface
temperature Tsurface & ambient temperature Tbulk.
Meant to provide a simplified way of accounting for heat
transport from a fluid. h and Tbulk are user-input values.
The film coefficient h can be constant or input from a file
(next)
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Training Manual
If film coefficient h is input from a file, this can be a constant or

temperature-dependent value h(T).
Define a convection boundary condition under the Environment branch
and define the Type to be Temperature-Dependent. Next, select New
Convection for the Correlation. The Engineering Data tab will open
and the Coefficient Type can then be defined for the new convection load.
Determine what temperature is used for h(T) first, for temperaturedependent film coefficients. Temperature can be:
Average film temperature
T=(Tsurface+Tbulk)/2
Surface temperature
T= Tsurface
Bulk temperature
T= Tbulk
Difference of surface and
bulk temperatures
T=(Tsurface-Tbulk)
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Select the temperaturedependency from the

pull-down menu
Temperature-Dependent Convection (continued):
March

After the type of temperature-dependency is selected, the user may

input the film coefficients and temperatures in a table. The values
are plotted on a graph, as shown below.
Training Manual
If any temperature-dependent
convection load is applied, this
will result in a nonlinear solution
since the surface temperature is
solved for, but the film coefficient
h is based on a function of the
surface temperature.
Right mouse click on the table

to add or delete values.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
The only exception is if the film

coefficient h is based on a
function of the bulk temperature
only. In Simulation, the bulk
temperature is constant and input
by the user, so this load will not
be nonlinear.
March

The convection data can also be imported from a file.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Thermal Loads Summary
For some structural users, it may be useful to provide an

analogy of structural and thermal analyses:
Structural
No external force
Natural Condition
Boundary
Conditions
Load
Inertial Loads
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Per Area
Per Volume
Given Displacement
Force
Pressure
Thermal Expansion
Acceleration
Thermal
Perfectly Insulated
(No heat flow rate)
Given Temperature
Convection
Heat Flow
Heat Flux
Internal Heat Generation
There are some types of loads that do not have any analogy
There is no thermal equivalent for inertial loads such as rotational
velocity or acceleration
The analogy of convective boundary condition is a foundation
stiffness support in structural terms, similar to a grounded spring
Training Manual
March
D. Solution Options
Solution options can be set under the Solutions branch:

The ANSYS database can be saved if Save
ANSYS db is set
Useful if you want to open a database in ANSYS
Two solvers are available in Simulation

The default solver is automatically chosen and
does not usually need to be changed.
The Iterative solver can be efficient for solving
large models whereas the Direct solver is a
robust solver and handles any situation.
The ability to change the default solver is under
Tools > Options > Simulation: Solution
> Solver Type
The Weak Springs and Large Deflection

options are meant for structural analyses only,
so they can be ignored for a thermal analysis.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Solution Options
Training Manual
For a regular thermal analysis, the Analysis Type

will be set to Static Thermal. If structural
supports and results are present, then the
analysis type will be Thermal Stress.
A nonlinear solution will be required if
temperature-dependent (a) material properties or
(b) convection film coefficients are present. This
means that several internal iterations will be run
to achieve heat equilibrium.
The solver working directory is where scratch files
are saved during the solution of the equations.
By default, the TEMP directory of your Windows
system environment variable is used, although this
can be changed in Tools > Options >
Simulation: Solution > Solver Working Directory.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Any solver messages which appear after

solution can be checked afterwards under
Solver Messages
Availability
x
x
x
x
Informative settings show the user the status of the analysis:
March
Solving the Model
To solve the model, request results first (covered next) and

click on the Solve button on the Standard Toolbar
By default, two processors (if present) will be used for parallel
processing. To change this, use Tools > Options >
Simulation: Solution > Number of Processors to Use
Recall that if a Solution Information branch is requested, the
details of the solution output can be examined.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Solving the Model
To perform a thermal-stress solution, simply add structural

support(s) and request structural results, then solve the
model.
Structural loads are optional but can also be added.
Simulation will know that a thermal-stress analysis is to be
performed (under Details view of the Solution branch). The
following will be performed automatically:
A steady-state thermal analysis will be performed
The temperature field will be mapped back onto the structural
model
A structural analysis will be performed
See Chapter 4 for details on Structural Analyses
Simulation automates this type of coupled-field solution, so

the user does not have to worry about the above details.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
E. Results and Postprocessing

Various results are available for postprocessing:
Temperature
Heat Flux
Reaction Heat Flow Rate
In Simulation, results are usually requested before solving,

but they can be requested afterwards, too.
If you solve a model then request results afterwards, click on
the Solve button
, and the results will be retrieved. A
new solution is not required for retrieving output of a solved
model.
Training Manual
March
Temperature
Temperature contour plots can be requested:
Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for,
and it is the most basic output request.
Temperature is a scalar quantity and, therefore,
has no direction associated with it.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
Heat Flux
Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:
Heat flux q is defined as
q KXX T
and is related to the thermal gradient T. The heat flux output
has three components and can aid the user in seeing how the
heat is flowing.
The magnitude plotted as contours: Total Heat Flux
The magnitude & direction as vectors: Vector Heat Flux
Recall that wireframe is best for viewing vectors
Components of heat flux

can be requested with
Directional Heat Flux
and can be mapped on
any coordinate system.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March

Reaction heat flow rates is available for any Given
Temperature or Convection boundary condition
Recall that both given temperature and convection supply a

known temperature, either directly or indirectly. Hence, this
acts as a heat source/sink, and the amount of heat flowing in
(positive) or out (negative) of the support can be output.
For each individual Given Temperature or
Convection load, the Reaction heat flow rate
is printed in the Details view after a solution.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March

The Worksheet tab for Environment branch has a
tabular summary of reaction heat flow rates.
If a thermal support shares a vertex, edge, or surface with

another thermal support or load, the reported reaction heat
flow rate may be incorrect. This is due to the fact that the
underlying mesh will have multiple supports applied to the
same nodes. The solution will still be valid, but the reported
values may not be accurate because of this.
ANSYS License
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
Professional
Structural
Availability
x
x
x
x
Training Manual
March
F. Workshop 6
Workshop 6 Thermal Analysis
Goal:
Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer
characteristics.
Training Manual
March

ANSYS Steady-State Thermal Analysis Guide

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ANSYS Steady-State Thermal Analysis Guide

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter Six

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

In this chapter, performing steady-state thermal analyses in

The capabilities described in this section are generally

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

It is assumed that the user has reviewed Chapters 1-3 prior to

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer

For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Simulation,

This results in the following assumptions:

{Q} can be constant or a function of temperature

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer

This means that the thermal analysis Simulation solves for is a

Heat transfer analysis is different from CFD (Computational Fluid

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Fouriers Law provides the basis of the previous equation:

It is important to remember these assumptions related to

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Before proceeding to a detailed discussion on performing

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Solid, surface, and line bodies are supported by all products

The Point Mass feature is not applicable in thermal analyses

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Point Mass is described in Chapter 4, Linear Structural Analysis.

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

It is important to understand assumptions related to using

For line bodies, thickness variation in the cross-section is not

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Material input is under the Engineering Data tab, and material

If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

The only required material property is thermal conductivity.

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact

When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Model shown is from a sample Inventor assembly.

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Assemblies Contact Region

In Simulation, the concept of contact and target surfaces

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Assemblies Contact Region

As noted in the previous slide, heat flows within a contact

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Assemblies Contact Region

If the parts are initially in contact, heat transfer will occur

Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?

The pinball region is automatically defined and set to a

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Assemblies Contact Region

In this figure on the right, the

ANSYS Workbench Simulation

Steady-State Thermal Analysis

Assemblies Thermal Conductance

The amount of heat flow between two parts is defined by the

q TCC Ttarget Tcontact