Trends of the

Periodic Table
 Review!
• Periodic Table was first organized by…
– Dmitri Mendeleev in the mid 1800’s
– Mendeleev organized the elements by chemical
reaction in rows, then by atomic mass in columns
• Henry Moseley then took Mendeleev’s table, kept
the chemical reactivities together, but placed them
in columns instead. He also ordered the elements
by increasing atomic number in rows.
• When Moseley did this, all the periodic trends just
fell into place.
• Remember: columns = groups/families,
rows = periods
Periodic Trends
 Electrons
• Electrons do not freely float in space
• Orbit around nucleus: Electron shells
• Each shell corresponds to an amount of
energy.
 Valence
Electrons
• The valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom.
• The valence electrons determine the chemical properties
• Number of valence electrons equals the column number in the
“A” columns
• Elements with the same number of valence electrons are very
similar chemically
– Alkali metals in Group 1A – 1 valence electron
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
– Halogens in Group 7A – 7 valence electrons
• F, Cl, Br, I
Atomic Radius
• What is Atomic Radii?
• Distance from the
nucleus to the
outermost level of e-
(aka the valence shell)
• What trend do you see
as you go across (left
to right) the period?
• Atomic radius
decreases
• Down the group?
• Atomic Radius
increases
• WHY???
 Explaining the Trend
• As you go L to R, the atomic radius decreases
because as you go L to R, the amount of attraction
between p+ and e- increase.
More attractions = smaller atomic radius
• As you go down a column, atomic radius increases
because the e- are farther away from the nucleus.
There are weaker attractions.
Weaker attractions = larger atomic radius
 Electronegativity
• What is Electro-
negativity?
• An atom’s Luuuvvv
for electrons!
• The tendency to
attract another
atom’s electrons
• What trend do you see
as you go across the
period?
• Electronegativity
increases!
• Down the group?
• Electronegativity
decreases!
• WHY???
 Explaining the Trend
• As you go L to R, electronegativity increases
because of the increase in protons. The more
protons, the more able it will be to attract other
atom’s electrons.
More attractions (small radius) = large electronegativity
• As you move down a column, electronegativity
decreases because of the increase in number
electron an atoms already has. This means the
atom will be less able to attract another atom’s
electrons.
• Less attractions (large radius) = small electronegativity
 Ionization Energy
• What is Ionization
Energy?
• The energy needed to
remove an electron
• What trend do you see
as you go across the
period?
• Ionization E increases
• Down the Group?
• Ionization E decreases
• WHY???
 Explaining the Trend
• As you go L to R, the ionization energy increases because
of the increase in the number of protons. The more
protons, the more energy that is needed to remove an
electron.
More attractions (small radius) = large ionization energy
• As you go down a column, the ionization energy decreases
because of the decrease in attractions.
– Due to electron shielding
– More electrons, leads to outer electrons less tightly
held.
• The less attractions, the lower the energy that is needed to
remove an electron.
Less attractions (large radius) = small ionization energy
 Ionization Energy
• Amount of energy required to remove an
electron from the ground state of a gaseous
atom or ion.
– First ionization energy is that energy required
to remove first electron.
– Second ionization energy is that energy
required to remove second electron, etc.
 Ionization Energy
• It requires more energy to remove each successive
electron.
• When all valence electrons have been removed, the
ionization energy takes a quantum leap.
 Electron Affinity
• What is Electron
Affinity?
• The energy needed to
add an electron
• As you go across the
period electron affinity
increases .
• Electron affinity
decreases down the
family
• WHY???
 Explaining the trend
• As you go L to R, the electron affinity increases because of
the increase in the number of protons. The more protons,
the greater the attraction the protons have for electrons.
More attractions (small radius) = large electron affinity
• As you go down a family, the electron affinity decreases
because of the decrease in attractions.
– Due to electron shielding
– More electrons, leads to outer electrons less tightly
held.
• The less attractions, the lower the electron affinity
Less attractions (large radius) = small electron affinity
 Homework
• Worksheet(s)