Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Employee Performance
Performance Dimensions
Dimensions
Defining
Defining Motivation
Motivation
Key
KeyElements
Elements
1.1. Intensity:
Intensity:how
howhard
hardaaperson
persontries
tries
2.2.
3.3.
Direction:
Direction:toward
towardbeneficial
beneficialgoal
goal
Persistence:
Persistence:how
howlong
longaaperson
persontries
tries
3
Need
Need theories
theories
Company
Reward
Apple Computer
Advanta Corporation
Westin Hotels
Worthington Industries
Readers Digest
Pitney Bowes
Steelcase
Delta Airlines
Theory
Theory XX and
and Theory
Theory YY (Douglas
(Douglas McGregor)
McGregor)
Two-Factor
Two-Factor Theory
Theory (Frederick
(Frederick Herzberg)
Herzberg)
Comparison
Comparisonof
of
Satisfiers
Satisfiersand
and
Dissatisfiers
Dissatisfiers
ERG
ERG Theory
Theory (Clayton
(Clayton Alderfer)
Alderfer)
Core
CoreNeeds
Needs
Existence:
Existence:provision
provisionof
of
basic
material
basic material
requirements.
requirements.
Relatedness:
Relatedness:desire
desirefor
for
relationships.
relationships.
Growth:
Growth:desire
desirefor
for
personal
development.
personal development.
Concepts:
Concepts:
More
Morethan
thanone
oneneed
needcan
can
be
beoperative
operativeatatthe
thesame
same
time.
time.
IfIfaahigher-level
higher-levelneed
need
cannot
be
fulfilled,
cannot be fulfilled,the
the
desire
to
satisfy
a
lowerdesire to satisfy a lowerlevel
levelneed
needincreases.
increases.
10
David
David McClellands
McClellands Theory
Theory of
of Needs
Needs
nPow
nAch
nAff
11
Content
Content Theories
Theories of
of Motivation
Motivation
Needs Hierarchy
Theory
SelfActualization
Esteem
Belongingness
Safety
Existence
Physiological
12
Cognitive
Cognitive and
and behavioral
behavioral theories
theories
How motivation take place
Cognitive
Cognitive Evaluation
Evaluation Theory
Theory
14
Goal-Setting
Goal-Setting Theory
Theory (Edwin
(Edwin Locke)
Locke)
15
Goal
level 94
90
Performance at the goal level
was sustained seven years after
the goal was first set
80
70
60
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Before goal
After Goal
Seven
Years Later
Four-Week Periods
16
Reinforcement
Reinforcement Theory
Theory
Concepts:
Concepts:
Behavior
Behavioris
isenvironmentally
environmentallycaused.
caused.
Behavior
Behaviorcan
canbe
bemodified
modified(reinforced)
(reinforced)by
by
providing
providing(controlling)
(controlling)consequences.
consequences.
Reinforced
Reinforcedbehavior
behaviortends
tendsto
tobe
berepeated.
repeated.
17
Equity
Equity Theory
Theory
Referent
Referent
Comparisons:
Comparisons:
Self-inside
Self-inside
Self-outside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-inside
Other-outside
Other-outside
18
Andy is
overpaid
compared to Bill
INEQUITABLE
INEQUITABLERELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP
Bills outcomes
($25,000/year)
Bills inputs
(40 hours/week)
Andys outcomes
($30,000/year)
Andys inputs
(40 hour/week)
Bill is
underpaid
compared to Andy
EQUITABLE
EQUITABLERELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP
Andys outcomes
($30,000/year)
Andys inputs Andy feels
(40 hour/week)
satisfied
Bill feels
satisfied
Equity
Equity Theory
Theory (contd)
(contd)
20
Expectancy
Expectancy Theory
Theory
21
The
The Japanese
Japanese Approach
Approach to
to Motivation
Motivation
The basic tenet is that managers and workers
should come together as partners - as one group.
Performance is considered to be a function of
ability and motivation, thus
Job Performance = f(ability)(motivation)
Ability in turns depends upon education, experience
and training and its improvement is a slow and
long process.
On the other hand motivation can be improved
quickly
22
seven
seven strategies
strategies for
for motivation
motivation
23