An Introduction to

Computer Architecture
and Organization
Asmara Alias

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To describe the meaning of computer
system.
To describe the structure and functions of
computer.
To classify the computer
To state the evolution and history of
computer development

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A Computer....
takes input
processes it according to stored instructions
produces results as output

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A Computer....
The word computer was taken from the
Latin Computare which means
calculate
Computer is a machine that only can execute
instructions that given by the user and
operate the data base on the related
instruction. The computer will process the
data to produce information.
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Types of Computer

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Data vs Information
Data is a raw fact. There are 5 types of data:
1.Text : alphabetic, numeric, special symbol
2.Graphics : picture
3.Audio: any kind of sound
4.Video: a series of photograph frame which record
the real
5.Animation: A series of image which is displayed
one by one to produce a movement illusion
Information data that has been processed and
contains meaning.
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Structure
Is the way how each component/unit of
computer communicates to each other.

Function
Refers to the operation of each component
which include in a structure.

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Computer Structure
Communication
Lines

Peripherals

COMPUTER
- Storage
- Processing

The Computer

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The Main Structure

Central
Processing
Unit

Computer

Main
Memory

Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output

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The Main Structure

Central
Processing
Unit

Main
Memory

Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output

To process data and control the computer

operations.
To keep data during process

The mechanism which is use to

communicate between CPU, main
memory and I/O.
To move data and information between
computer and external environment
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CPU : The Heart of Computing System

ca 1980
It took 10 of these boards to
make a Central Processing Unit

ca 2000
You can see why they called
this CPU a microprocessor!

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Structural Component of CPU

Registers
: Provide storage
internal to the CPU

Computer
Main
Memory

System
Interconnection

I/O

CPU

CPU

Registers

Internal CPU
Interconn.

ALU

Arithmetic Logic Unit

(ALU)
: Performs the
computers data
Control Unit
processing functions
: Control the
operations of the CPU

CPU Interconnections
: provide mechanism
for communication
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
among CU, ALU and
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registers
Control Unit

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Computer Functions
Four (4) main functions:
Data processing
Data storage
Data Movement
Control

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A Fundamental View of Computer Functions

Source and destination of data

Data
movement
apparatus

Control
mechanism

Data storage
facility

Data
processing
facility

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Data Processing
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility

Example : Print bank statement

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Data Storage
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility

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Data Movement
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Example : Keyboard to Monitor

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Data
Processing
Facility

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COMPUTER
SYSTEM?

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Computer System
Basically it is divided into :
1. Computer Architecture
2. Computer Organization

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Computer Architecture
The computer attribute which can be
recognized by programmer. This attribute
has a direct effect to the program
execution such as instruction set, data
representation, addressing and I/O.
Example : Intel x86 share same
architecture
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Computer Organization
The connection of the sources of
computer hardware.
Including the integration between
systems.
The communication flow control between
the physical component.
Note: Each computer version have
different organization
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Computer Classification
Based on:

CPU speed
The number of register inside the CPU
The word size
Main memory size (RAM)
Complexity of the Operating System
Physical size
Cost
Cyber Memory Space
Secondary memory size
The multiple-programming degree
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Computer Classification
1. Microcomputer System
2. Minicomputer System
3. Mainframe System
4. Supercomputer System

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Microcomputer System
Introduced on 1970
Based on microprocessor technology

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Minicomputer System
Able to execute arithmetic function and basic
logic and supports the number of programming
language for enormous computer.
The size is smaller than a main frame.
Suitable for the processing task which doesnt
need the huge date access.

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Mainframe System
Bigger then minicomputer.
The processing capability is higher than
minicomputer.
Very suitable to operate the gigantic database
which needs a central management.
Always used by big company and government.
Example. : KWSP & bank.

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The IBM 7094, a typical mainframe computer [photo

courtesy of IBM]
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Supercomputer System
The highest processing capability.
Able to execute million of instructions per
second (MIPS).
Suitable for huge calculation which includes the
big value and needs efficiency.
Example: Aerospace & nuclear

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Computer Architecture and

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Two Pillars of Computing

1. Universal Computing Devices
Given enough time and memory, all
computers are capable of computing
exactly the same things (irrespective of
speed, size or cost).
Turings Thesis: every computation can be
performed by some Turing Machine.

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Big Ideas #1 :
Universal Computing
Devices

=
PDA

=
Workstation

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Supercomputer

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Turing Machine
is a theoretical device that manipulates
symbols on a strip of tape according to a table
of rules. Despite its simplicity, a Turing machine
can be adapted to simulate the logic of any
computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in
explaining the functions of a CPU inside a
computer.
Read more :
http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/cousined/
lego/5-machines/turing/turing.html
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From Theory to Practice

In theory, computer can compute anything
thats possible to compute - given enough
memory and time
In practice, solving problems involves
computing under constraints.
Time - weather forecast, next frame of
animation, ...
Cost - cell phone, automotive engine
controller, ...
Power - cell phone, handheld video game, ...
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Two Pillars of Computing

(Cont)
2. Problem Transformation

The ultimate objective is to transform a

problem expressed in natural language into
electrons running around a circuit!
Thats what Computer Science and
Computer Engineering are all about: a
continuum that embraces software &
hardware.
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Big Ideas #2 :
Problem Transformation
Problems
Algorithms
Language
Instruction Set Architecture
Microarchitecture
Circuits
Devices
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Problem Transformation
- levels of abstraction
The desired behavior:
the application

Natural Language
Algorithm
Program
Machine Architecture
Micro-architecture
Logic Circuits

The building blocks:

electronic devices

Devices

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How do we solve a problem using a

computer?
A systematic sequence of transformations between
layers of abstraction.
Problem
Problem
Software Design:
choose algorithms and data structures
Algorithm
Algorithm
Programming:
use language to express design
Program
Program
Instr
Instr Set
Set
Architecture
Architecture

Compiling/Interpreting:
convert language to
machine instructions
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Deeper and Deeper

Instr
InstrSet
Set
Architecture
Architecture

Microarch
Microarch

Circuits
Circuits

Devices
Devices

Processor Design:
choose structures to implement ISA
(Instruction Set Architecture)
Logic/Circuit Design:
gates and low-level circuits to
implement components
Process Engineering & Fabrication:
develop and manufacture lowest-level
components
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Descriptions of Each Level

Problem Statement
stated using "natural language"
may be ambiguous, imprecise
Algorithm
step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish
definiteness, effective computability, finiteness
Program
express the algorithm using a computer language
high-level language, low-level language
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) (Machine Level 1)
specifies the set of instructions the computer can perform
data types, addressing mode
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Descriptions of Each Level

(cont.)

Micro architecture (Machine Level 1)

detailed organization of a processor implementation
different implementations of a single ISA
Logic Circuits (Machine Level 2)
combine basic operations to realize micro
architecture
many different ways to implement a single function
(e.g., addition)
Devices (Machine Level 2)
properties of materials, manufacturability

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Many Choices at Each

Level
Solve a system of equations

Red-black SOR

Jacobi
iteration

Gaussian
elimination

FORTRAN

PowerPC

Intel x86

Centrino

C++

CMOS

Bipolar

Java
Atmel AVR

Pentium 4

Ripple-carry adder

Multigrid

Xeon

Tradeoffs:
cost
performance
power
(etc.)

Carry-lookahead adder
GaAs

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The Program Level

Most computers run a management
program called the operating
system (OS).
Application programs interface to
the machine architecture via the
OS.

Application Program
Operating System

Program (Software)

An example:

This lecture

Data

PowerPoint

Application Program

Windows XP

Operating System

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The History & Evolution Of

Computer
Basically, the history of
computer development is
divided into 2 parts :
before 1940 & after 1940.

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 A long time ago, human are using their

fingers, stones etc to do calculation. At the
same time, they are trying to create an
apparatus that could facilitate the calculation
process.
After a few trial, finally the complex and
advance calculation system has been
produced and it is known as a computer.
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Before

1940
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Abakus Counting Device

Created on 3000 B.D. at
Babylonia.
Was the first mechanical
counting device in the world.
Able to execute addition and
subtraction operation.
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John Napier's Bone

Created on 1614 by John
Napier.
Facilitate multiplication and
division processes faster &
easier.
The first logarithm table has
been created.
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Pascaline Machine
Created on 1642 by Braise Pascal.
Was the first mechanical machine or
calculator in the world.
Able to execute addition and subtraction
processes.

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Babbage Differentiation
Machine

Created by Charles Babbage on 1821.

Was the first mechanical machine which is used
the steam power.
Able to do a calculation and printing the output
automatically.

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Babbage Analytical
Engine

Created on 1842 by Charles Babbage.

It has five (5) main parts :
Input unit
Output unit
Processing Unit
Control unit
Memory unit

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 His invention has became a

theory model for today's
computer technology.
Because of that, Charles
Babbage has been known as
The Ancestor of A Modern
Computer.

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After

1940
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Starting Point
This part indicates the
starting point of computer
generation.
The computer which used
electrical power has been
introduced.

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Mark 1
Created on 1941 by Dr. Howard Aikern in
conjunction with IBM.
Was the first electro-mechanical computer.
Size : 55 feet long, 8 feet height and connected
with 800 km of wire.

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ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
Was the first electronic computer.
Created on 1946 by J. Presper Eckert & John W.
Munchly from the University of Pennsylvania. Was
used until 1955.
Contained of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000
resistors, 10,000 capacitors and 15,000 sq feet of
space is needed. Needs 150 kW power and the
weight is 30 ton.
Used decimal number and 20 accumulators of 10
digits. digit.
Able to execute 5,000 addition process per
second.
1,000 times faster than Mark 1.
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ENIAC

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Von Neumann/Turing

Apply the concept of embedded code.

Main memory keeps the program and data.
ALU uses binary data.
CU interpret the instruction from memory during
the execution.
CU also controls I/O operation.
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
IAS
Completed 1952

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Structure of Von Nuemann

machine

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Computer Generation
Vacuum tube : 1946-1957
Transistor : 1958-1963
Small scale integration) : 1963 1970
Up to 100 components inside one chip.
Medium scale integration (MSI) : 1971
100-3,000 components inside one chip.

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Computer Generation
Large scale integration (LSI) : 1971-1977
3,000 - 100,000 components inside one
chip.
Very large scale integration (VLSI) ) :
1978 now
100,000 - 100,000,000 components inside
one chip.
Ultra large scale integration
Over 100,000,000 components inside one
chip.
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Extra references
http://www.softlord.com/comp/
http://www.studyweb.com/Co
mputerScience/

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REFLECTION
You have to know the importance of learning this
subject.
You have to know the main component of a
computer.
You have to know the computer functions.
You have to know the computer classification
and separate the usage.
You have to know the computer evolution.

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DISCUSSIONS
Huraikah apakah yang boleh dilakukan
oleh sesebuah komputer?
Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah
mendorong manusia untuk mencipta
komputer?
Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah
mendorong kepada evolusi komputer?
Bincangkan apakah faktor yang telah
mendorong kepada perubahan generasi
komputer?
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Think!!
You dont need to know everything, the
only thing you have to know is how to
get it when you want to use it
Enstein

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Computer in Future....
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SD0W0_J_28A&feature=player_detailp
age/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tXLxcCTwr2E&feature=player_detailpage/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSFhME83Bk&feature=player_detailpage/

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