DEC3023 : Computer

Networking
Fundamental
Chapter 1.0 Introduction to
Network
Noted prepared by:
Pn. Wan Fazlini Idayu binti Wan Fakari
013-7023854

What is a Network?
A network consists of 2 or more
computers connected together, and
they can communicate and share
resources (e.g. information)

1.1 Basic Concepts

And Component Of
Computer Network

Networked Computing Relative &

Standalone Computing
Networked
Group of computers and other
devices connected by some type
of transmission media
Networks enable users to share
devices and data, collectively
called a networks resources

Standalone
Uses programs and data only
from its local disks and is not
connected to a network

Advantages of networked computing

relative to standalone computing
1. Fewer Peripherals Needed
2. Increased Communication
Capabilities
3. Avoid File Duplication and
Corruption
4. Lower Cost Licensing
5. Centralized
Administration
(memulihara)
6. Conserve Resources

Advantages of networked computing

relative to standalone computing
1. Fewer Peripherals Needed
devices can be
connected on a network. Each computer
2.Many
Increased
Communication
on the network does not need to have its own printer,
scanner,
or backup device. Multiple printers can be set up in a
Capabilities
central location and shared among the network users. All
3.network
Avoid
File
users
send Duplication
print jobs to a central and
print server that
manages the print requests. The print server can distribute
Corruption
print jobs over multiple printers, or queue jobs that require a
printer.
4.specific
Lower
Cost Licensing
5. Centralized Administration
6. Conserve Resources

Advantages of networked computing

relative to standalone computing
1. Fewer Peripherals Needed
2. Increased Communication
Capabilities
Networks provide several different collaboration tools that can
3. Avoid
Duplication
and
be used toFile
communicate
between network
users. Online
collaboration tools include e-mail, forums and chats, voice and
Corruption
video, and instant messaging. With these tools, users can
communicate with friends, family, and colleagues.
4. Lower
Cost Licensing
5. Centralized Administration
6. Conserve Resources

Advantages of networked computing

relative to standalone computing
1. Fewer Peripherals Needed
2. Increased Communication
Capabilities
3. Avoid File Duplication and
A server manages network resources. Servers store data and
Corruption
share it with users on a network. Confidential or sensitive data
can be protected and shared with the users who have
4. Lower
Cost Licensing
permission to access that data. Document tracking software
can be used to prevent
users from overwriting files, or
5. Centralized
Administration
changing files that others are accessing at the same time.
6. Conserve Resources

Advantages of networked computing

relative to standalone computing
Application licensing
can be expensive
for individual
1. Fewer
Peripherals
Needed
computers. Many software vendors offer site licenses for
networks, which can
dramatically reduce the cost of software.
2. Increased
Communication
The site license allows a group of people or an entire
Capabilities
organization to use the application for a single fee.
3. Avoid File Duplication and
Corruption
4. Lower Cost Licensing
5. Centralized Administration
6. Conserve Resources

Advantages of networked computing

relative to standalone computing
1. Fewer
Peripherals
Needed
Centralized
administration reduces
the number of people
needed to manage the devices and data on the network,
2. Increased
Communication
reducing time and cost to the company. Individual network
users do not need to manage their own data and devices. One
Capabilities
administrator can control the data, devices, and permissions
of users on
the network.
Backing up data
is easier because the
3. Avoid
File
Duplication
and
data is stored in a central location.
Corruption
4. Lower Cost Licensing
5. Centralized Administration
6. Conserve Resources

Advantages of networked computing

relative to standalone computing
1. Fewer Peripherals Needed
2. Increased Communication
Capabilities
Data processing can be distributed across many computers to
3. Avoid
File
Duplication
and
prevent
one computer
from becoming
overloaded with
processing tasks.
Corruption
4. Lower Cost Licensing
5. Centralized
Administration
(memulihara)
6. Conserve Resources

Type of networks
Peer-topeer
network

Client/serv
er
network

Element of Client/server network

Client
Server
Workstation
Network interface card
Network operating system
Node
Connectivity device
Backbone
Segment
Topology
Transmission media

Element of Client/server network

request and receive

Client
information over the
network client. Client
Server
computers also
Workstation
depends primarily on
the central server for
Network interface card
processing activities
Network operating system
Node
A computer on the network that
Connectivity device
manages shared resources; servers
usuallyhave more processing power,
Backbone
memory, and hard disk space than
Segment
clients. They runnetwork operating
software that can manage not only
Topology
data, but also users,
Transmission media groups,security, and applications on
the network.

FE Jun 2014 fungsi NIC

Element of Client/server
network
A personal computer

(such as a desktop

Client
or laptop), which
may or maynot be
Server
connected to a
Workstation
network; most
clients are
Network interface card
workstation
Network operating system
computers.
The device inside a computer
thatconnects a
Node
computer to the network media, thus allowing
it to communicate withother computers;
Connectivity device
many companies (such as 3Com, IBM, Intel,
SMC, and Xircom)manufacture NICs, which
Backbone
come with a variety of specifications that are
Segment
tailored to therequirements of the
workstation and the network. Some connect
Topology
to the motherboard,which is the main circuit
Transmission mediathat controls the computer, some are
integrated as part of themotherboard, and
others connect via an external port. NICs are
also known as networkadapters.

Element of Client/server network

Client
defenition: The software that runs on
Server
a server and enables theserver to
manage data, users, groups,
Workstation
security, applications, and other
Network interface card
networkingfunctions.
Network operating system
Examples : include various types of
Node
UNIX and Linux operating
Windows Server
Connectivity device systems,Microsoft
2003 or Windows Server 2008, and
Mac OS X Server.
Backbone
Segment
Topology
Transmission media

Element of Client/server network

Funtions :
Client
1) Manage data and other resources
Server
for a number of clients
2) Ensure that only authorized users
Workstation
acess the network.
Network interface card
3) Control which type of files a user
can open and read
Network operating system
4) Restrict when and from where users
Node
can access the network.
which rules computers will
Connectivity device 5) Dictate
use to communicate
6) Supply applications to clients.
Backbone
(final exam Jun 2013)
Segment
Topology
Transmission media

Element of Client/server network

Client
Server
Workstation
Network interface card
Network operating system
Node
Connectivity device
Backbone
A client, server, or other device that
Segment
can communicate over a network and
thatis identified by a unique number,
Topology
known as its network addressers.
Transmission media

Element of Client/server
network
-A specialized device that allows

multiple networks or
Client
multipleparts of one network to
connect and exchange data. A
Server
client/server network
Workstation
canoperate without connectivity
Network interface card devices. However, medium- and
large-sized LANs usethem to
Network operating system extend the network and to
connect with WANs.
Node
The part of a network to which
Connectivity device
segments and significant shared
Backbone
devices(such as routers, switches,
and servers) connect. A backbone is
Segment
sometimes referred toas "a network
Topology
of networks," because of its role in
interconnecting smaller parts of
Transmission media
aLAN or WAN.
aLAN or WAN.

Element of Client/server network

A part of a network. Usually, a segment is

Client
composed of a group of nodesthat use the
Server
same communications channel for all their
traffic
Workstation
refers to the way computers and
peripherals are configured to form
Network interface card
networks. The physical layout of a
Network operating system
computer network. Topologies vary
according tothe needs of the
Node
organization and available hardware and
Connectivity device expertise. Networks can bearranged in a
ring, bus, or star formation, and the star
Backbone
formation is the most common.Hybrid
Segment
combinations of these patterns are also
possible.
Topology
The means through which data is transmitted
Transmission mediaand received.Transmission media may be

physical, such as wire or cable, or atmospheric

(wireless),such as radio waves.

Element of Client/server network

Client - request and receive information over the network client. Client computers also depends primarily on the
central server for processing activities
Server - A computer on the network that manages shared resources; servers usuallyhave more processing power,
memory, and hard disk space than clients. They runnetwork operating software that can manage not only data, but
also users, groups,security, and applications on the network.
Workstation - A personal computer (such as a desktop or laptop), which may or maynot be connected to a network;
most clients are workstation computers.
Network interface card - The device (pronounced nick) inside a computer thatconnects a computer to the network
media, thus allowing it to communicate withother computers; many companies (such as 3Com, IBM, Intel, SMC, and
Xircom)manufacture NICs, which come with a variety of specifications that are tailored to therequirements of the
workstation and the network. Some connect to the motherboard,which is the main circuit that controls the computer,
some are integrated as part of themotherboard, and others connect via an external port. NICs are also known as
networkadapters.
Network operating system - The software that runs on a server and enables theserver to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networkingfunctions. Examples include various types of UNIX and Linux
operating systems,Microsoft Windows Server 2003 or Windows Server 2008, and Mac OS X Server.
Node - A client, server, or other device that can communicate over a network and thatis identified by a unique
number, known as its network addressers.
Connectivity device - A specialized device that allows multiple networks or multipleparts of one network to
connect and exchange data. A client/server network canoperate without connectivity devices. However, mediumand large-sized LANs usethem to extend the network and to connect with WANs.
Backbone - The part of a network to which segments and significant shared devices(such as routers, switches, and
servers) connect. A backbone is sometimes referred toas "a network of networks," because of its role in
interconnecting smaller parts of aLAN or WAN.
Segment - A part of a network. Usually, a segment is composed of a group of nodesthat use the same
communications channel for all their traffic
Topology - refers to the way computers and peripherals are configured to form networks. The physical layout of a
computer network. Topologies vary according tothe needs of the organization and available hardware and expertise.
Networks can bearranged in a ring, bus, or star formation, and the star formation is the most common.Hybrid
combinations of these patterns are also possible.
Transmission media The means through which data is transmitted and received.Transmission media may be

1.2 Networking
standards

Organization that set the standards for

network:a. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
d. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
f. Internet Society (ISOC)
g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)

Networking Standards
Organizations

Standards are documented

agreements containing technical

specifications

ANSI (American National Standards

Institute) is an organization composed of

more than a thousand representatives
from industry and government who
together determine standards for the
electronics industry and other fields, such
as chemical and nuclear engineering,
health and safety, and construction

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)
ANSI also represents the United States in
setting international standards

EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) is a

trade organization composed of
representatives from electronics
manufacturing firms across the United
States

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)

TIA (Telecommunications Industry

Association) Focuses on standards for

information technology, wireless,
satellite, fiber optics, and telephone
equipment

TIA/EIA alliance are its guidelines for how

network cable should be installed in
commercial buildings, known as the
TIA/EIA 568-B Series.

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers), or I-triple-E, is

an international society composed of
engineering professionals

IEEE goals are to promote development

and education in the electrical engineering

and computer science fields

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)

ISO (International Organization for

Standardization), headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland, is a collection of
standards and organizations representing
148 countries

ISOs goal is to establish international

technological standards to facilitate global

exchange of information and barrier-free
trade

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)

The ITU (International Telecommunication

Union) is a specialized United Nations
agency that regulates international
telecommunications, including radio and
TV frequencies, satellite and telephony
specifications, networking infrastructure,
and tariffs applied to global
communications

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)
ISOC (Internet Society), founded in 1992,
is a professional membership society that
helps to establish technical standards for
the Internet

ISOC oversees groups with specific

missions, such as the IAB and IETF

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)

IAB (Internet Architecture Board) is a

technical advisory group of researchers

and technical professionals interested in
overseeing the Internets design and
management

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force),

the organization that sets standards for

how systems communicate over the
Internetin particular, how protocols
operate and interact

Networking Standards
Organizations (continued)

IANA and ICANN

Every computer / host on a network must have a

unique address

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) kept

records of available and reserved IP addresses
and determined how addresses were issued out

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and

Numbers (ICANN), a private, nonprofit

corporation and is now ultimately responsible
for IP addressing and domain name
management

1.3 Type of network &

classification of networks
according to its size

Type of networks
Peer-topeer
network

Client/serv
er
network

Peer-to-peer network
A peer-to-peer distributed network architecture is composed of
participants that make a portion of their resources (such as processing
power, disk storage, and network bandwidth) available directly to their
peers without intermediary network hosts or servers.
Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the
traditional client-server model where only servers supply, and clients
consume.

Client/server network
In this arrangement, a single computer called a 'server' is given
the duty to provide a particular service on behalf of one or more
'client' computers. The clients make requests to the server and
the server responds to the requests.
There are many kinds of server that include
File server - stores, handles and serves files to clients
Print server - stores, handles and organizes printing jobs for its clients
FTP server - provides a means to move large amounts of data
Video server - stores and distributes video files
Backup server - sits on the network taking periodic backups of clients.

Type of networks
There are essentially two types of network architecturesclient-server
and peer-to-peer.
Peer-to-pear networks

Client/server network

A Peer-to-peer model can be

defined as a decentralized
environment, where the user must
be assigned permissions on each
workstation in order to access any
available resources.

A client-server model can be

defined as a centralized
environment, where all users,
objects, resources, and so on are
administered in a centralized
location and can, if configured, use
any network resources on any
workstation on the domain.

Computers connect with each other

in a workgroup to share files,
printers, and Internet access. This
is used to connect a small number
of computers.

sends information from a client

computer to a server, which then
relays the information back to the
client computer, or to other
computers on the network

Classification of networks

Local
Area
Network

Metropolit
an Area
Network

Wide Area
Network

Classification of networks according to its size

Different
Network Size
Speed

LAN

MAN

WAN

low optic
faster

high
slower
twisted-pair,
fibre-optic
cable

higher
slowest
Fiber optic,
radio wave,
satellite
Biggest Area
(more than
50km)
World,
country,
Internet

Transmission
Media

twisted-pair

area size

small area
(10km)

Big Area
(10~50km)

Example

School,
laboratory, in
building

City, State

1.4 Computer network

topologies

Computer network
topology

Bus topology
Ring topology
Star topology
Hybrid topology

Computer network topology

Bus

all computers are linked by a

single line of cable

Abusis the simplest physical topology.

It consists of a single cable that runs to every workstation.
This topology uses the least amount of cabling but also covers
the shortest distance.
Each computer shares the same data and address path . With a
logical bus topology, messages pass through the trunk, and each
workstation checks to see if the message is addressed to itself.
If the address of the message matches the workstations address,
the network adapter copies the message to the cards on-board
memory.

Refer full note at:

http://flylib.com/books/en/1.55.1.40/1/

Computer network topology

Ring

each computer or workstation is connected to

two other computers, with the entire network
forming a circle

Aphysical ring topologyis a unique topology.

Each computer connects to two other computers,
joining them in a circle, creating a unidirectional
path where messages move from workstation to
workstation.
Each entity participating in the ring reads a
message, then regenerates it and hands it to its
neighbor on a different network cable.

Refer full note at:

http://flylib.com/books/en/1.55.1.40/1/

Computer network topology

Star

multiple computers and peripheral

devices are linked to a central
computer, called a host

Aphysical star topologybranches each network device off a

central device called a hub, making it very easy to add a
new workstation.
Also, if any workstation goes down, it does not affect the
entire network. (But, as you might expect, if the central
device goes down, the entire network goes down.)
Modern Ethernet (10BaseT, 100BaseT, and Gigabit Ethernet)
uses a physical star topology, as does Token Ring. Figure 6.7
gives an example of the organization of the star network.

Refer full note at:

http://flylib.com/books/en/1.55.1.40/1/

Computer network topology

Hybrid

combine network layout types to meet

their needs

Thehybrid topologyis simply a mix of the other

topologies.
It would be impossible to illustrate it, because there
are many combinations.
Most networks today are not only hybrid, but
heterogeneous (byheterogeneousI mean they include
a mix of components of different types and brands).
The hybrid network may be more expensive than some
types of network topologies, but, on the other hand, it
takes the best features of all the other topologies and
exploits them.
Refer full note at:
http://flylib.com/books/en/1.55.1.40/1/

FE Jun 2014 takrif & lukis topology star-bus (hyb

Computer network topology

Topology

Bus

Advantages

Cheap. Easy to install.

Disadvantages

Difficult to reconfigure. A
break in the bus disables
the entire network.
More expensive than bus.

Star Cheap. Easy to install.

Easy to reconfigure. Fault
tolerant.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration is difficult.
Very expensive.
Hybrid Combines the best
Complex (less so than
features of each topology mesh, however).
used.

1.5 Describe principles of

communication in networking

Principles of communication in
networking
Source
Channel
Destinations

SOURCE, CHANNEL &

DESTINATION
Source - Sources are objects which
encode message/ data and transmit the
information, via a channel, to one or more
receiver. (adalah objek yang encode mesej / data dan menyampaikan
maklumat tersebut, melalui saluran, untuk satu atau lebih penerima)

Channel - refers either to a physical

transmission medium such as a wire, or to
a logical connection over a multiplexed
medium such as a radio channel.
Destination - the receiving end of a
communication channel. It receives
decoded messages/information from the
sender, who first encoded them. (penerima terakhir
dari sebuah saluran komunikasi. Ia menerima decode mesej / maklumat dari

SOURCE, CHANNEL &

DESTINATIONCont

1.6 Apply Various

Networking Hardware

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Act as a physical interface and connectors
between your computer and network
cable. (Bertindak sebagai antaramuka fizikal atau penyambung di
antara komputer anda dengan kabel rangkaian)

to provide a physical link to a computer

network. This connection allows
computers to communicate with servers,
as well as other computers on the
network. (untuk menyediakan link fizikal kepada jaringan
komputer. Sambungan ini membolehkan komputer untuk berkomunikasi
dengan pelayan, serta komputer lain di dalam rangkaian)

Each NIC has a unique serial number,

which is called a MAC address. (Setiap NIC

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Cont
Network interface card functions are:
Provide data from computer to network
cable. (Menyediakan data dari komputer untuk kabel rangkaian)
Sending data to another computer. (Menghantar
data ke komputer yang lain)

Control the flow of data between the

computer and plug the cable system.
(Mengawal aliran data di antara komputer dan sistem kabel penyambung)

FE Jun 2014 fungsi NIC

Figure 1-5 A NIC (network interface card)

Various Types Of Network

Interface Card
a. Cards on an expansion board inside
a computer (PCI NIC, PCI Express
NIC).
b. Cards installed to the computers
bus externally (PCMCIA adapter, USB
port, FireWire, Compact Flash NIC)
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC

Various Types Of Network

Interface Card
a. Cards on an expansion board
inside a computer (PCI NIC, PCI
Express NIC).
b.ItCards
installed
the computers
is used to
connect Fastto
Ethernet
Networks together
bus
(PCMCIA
adapter,
USB
and
it is externally
connected to a PCI
Slot located
on your
port, FireWire,
computer's
MotherboardCompact Flash NIC)
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC

Various Types Of Network

Interface Card
a. Cards on an expansion board inside a
computer (PCI NIC, PCI Express NIC).
b. Cards installed to the
computers bus externally
(PCMCIA adapter, USB port,
FireWire, Compact Flash NIC)
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
c.
On-board NIC
Association), USB (universal serial bus), CompactFlash, or
d.
Wireless
NIC
FireWire
(IEEE 1394)
slots can all be used to connect
peripherals such as NICs. One advantage to externally
attached NICs is their simple installation.

motherboard, rather than connected via an expansion

Various
Types
Of Network
slot or peripheral
bus.
Not all peripheral
Interface
Card
devices are
connected to a

computers motherboard via an expansion slot or

a. Cards on an expansion board inside

peripheral bus.
a computer (PCI NIC, PCI Express
Some are connected directly to the motherboard using
NIC).
on-board ports.
b. Cards
installed
to theconnection
computers
For example,
the electrical
that controls a
bus
externally
(PCMCIA
adapter,
USB
computers
mouse operates
through
an on-board
ort,
port,
FireWire,
Compact
Flash
as does
the connection
for its keyboard
andNIC)
monitor.
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC

Various Types Of Network

Interface Card
a. Cards on an expansion board inside
computer
(PCI
NIC,
PCIportable
Express
a
Wireless
adapters are
found
in most
devices,
NIC).
such
as laptops, smart phones, and tablet devices.
b.External
Cards wireless
installed
to can
thebecomputers
adapters
purchased and
installed
on most computers
having anadapter,
open USB USB
bus externally
(PCMCIA
(Universal
Serial Bus) port,
or unused expansion
slot.
port, FireWire,
Compact
Flash NIC)
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC

Install and configure NIC hardware

and software.
Refer video in internet

Functions of LAN connectivity hardware:

a. Repeater
b. Hub / Switch
c. Bridges
d. Routers
e. Gateways
FE Dis 2014: funtions of repeater,bridge,routers

(a) Repeater
To regenerate the signal when the signal
received is weak or interference, this
device will make a copy of bits to bits by
the original signal strength. (untuk menjana semula
isyarat apabila isyarat yang diterima lemah atau terdapat gangguan, peranti ini
akan membuat satu salinan bit ke bit berdasarkan kekuatan asal isyarat tersebut)

Repeater will receive digital signals from

one of their port then regenerate the
signal before sending out the signal. (Repeater
akan menerima isyarat digital dari salah satu portnya kemudian menjana semula
isyarat tersebut sebelum menghantar isyarat tersebut keluar)

RepeaterCont

(b) Hub
connection point between the station with
the station and between stations with the
server. (titik penyambungan di antara stesyen dengan stesyen dan di antara
stesyen dengan server)

have a several number of RJ-45 female

connector, known as a port.

(mempunyai beberapa bilangan

penyambung female RJ-45 yang dikenali sebagai port)

The function of the hub is broadcasting i.e

data is forwarded towards the all ports of a
hub, regardless of whether the data was
intended for the particular systems in the
network or not. (Fungsi hub adalah untuk broadcasting iaitu data dilalukan
ke semua port hub, untuk mengetahui apakah data ditujukan untuk host di dalam

Hub & Bridge connections in Network

70

(b) Switch
Switch is a combination of hub and
bridge technology. (Switch adalah gabungan teknologi hub
dan bridge)

Switch function is like as it was built

by a small bridge on each port. (Switch
berfungsi seolah-olah ia dibina dengan mempunyai bridge kecil pada setiap
portnya)

Unlike hubs, switch only transmit or

forwards the data to the destined
computer and it does not broadcasts
the data to all its ports. (Tidak seperti hub, switch
hanya menghantar data ke komputer penerima sahaja dan tidak broadcast data ke
semua port)

(c) Bridges
Appearance bridge is like a small box with
two network connectors (port) are
connected to two separate networks.
(seperti sebuah kotak kecil, dengan dua penyambung rangkaian
yang disambung kepada dua rangkaian yang terpisah)

Used to transmit data between networks

that using the same protocol. (Digunakan untuk
menghantar data di antara rangkaian yang menggunakan
protokol yang sama)

BridgesCont
Jadual Bridge
PORT

PORT

00C08B44E50C
AHMAD

JAMAL

MAC=00C08BBE0052

MAC=00C08B11C439

HUB

PORT

PORT

HUB

BRIDGE

ZIANA

SITI

MAC=00C08B44E50C

MAC=00C08B477B72

Rajah 5.4 : Ziana menghantar data kepada Ahmad

BridgesCont
Jadual Bridge
PORT

PORT

00C08B44E50C
00C08BBE0052
AHMAD

JAMAL

MAC=00C08BBE0052

MAC=00C08B11C439

HUB

PORT

PORT

BRIDGE

HUB

Frame Transmission

ZIANA

SITI

MAC=00C08B44E50C

MAC=00C08B477B72

BridgesCont

(VI) Routers
Multi-port device that makes decisions on
how to manage the contents of the frame,
based on protocol and network address.
(Peranti multi-port yang membuat keputusan terhadap bagaimana hendak
menguruskan kandungan frame, berdasar kepada protokol dan alamat rangkaian)

Routers route the data between two

logically and physically different
networks. (Router menghubungkan data antara dua rangkaian berbeza)

FE Jun 2014 fungsi router

RoutersCont
Unlike Switches and Bridges, which use
hardware configured MAC address to
determine the destination of the data,
router uses logical network address such
as IP address to make the decision in
determining the destination of the data.
(Tidak seperti Switch dan bridge, yang menggunakan alamat MAC sebagai penentu
kepada destinasi bagi data, router menggunakan alamat rangkaian iaitu alamat IP
untuk membuat keputusan dalam menentukan destinasi penghantaran data)

RoutersCont

(e) Gateways
Used to connect a computer network with one or
more computer networks that use a different
communications protocols so that information
from a computer network can be given to other
computer networks that have a different
protocol. (digunakan untuk menghubungkan satu jaringan komputer dengan
satu atau lebih jaringan komputer yang menggunakan protokol komunikasi yang
berbeza sehingga informasi dari satu jaringan computer dapat diberikan kepada
jaringan komputer lain yang mempunyai protokol berbeza)

A gateway performs the function of

translating the data from one format to
another format without changing the data
itself. (gateway melakukan fungsi menterjemah data dari satu format ke
format lain tanpa mengubah data itu sendiri)

GatewaysCont
A gateway can be a device, system,
software. (gateway boleh jadi atau mungkin peranti, sistem, perisian)
Router acts as a gateway e.g a router that
routes the data from a IPX network to a IP
network is technically a gateway. (Router
bertindak sebagai gateway contohnya router yang menjadi laluan data dari
rangkaian IPX kepada rangkaian IP)

Switch acts as a gateway e.g translational

switch converts from a Ethernet network
to a token ring network. (Switch bertindak sebagai gateway
contohnyanya terjemahan switch dengan menukar dari rangkaian Ethernet kepada
rangkaian token ring)

differences between hub and

switch (FE jun 2013)
Hub
Hub is broadcasting device.

Switch
Switch is point to point communication

Hub operates at physical layer

Switch operates at data link layer.

Hub is not an intelligent service

(dummy device)

Switch is intelligent device

Hub simply broadcast the incoming

Switch uses switching table to find the correct

destination

Hub cannot be used as repeater

Switch can be used as repeater

Hub is an ordinary old type of

device

Switch is very sophisticated device.

differences between hub and

switch (FE jun 2013)

Layer:

Hub
Switch
Physical layer(Layer 1 Device) Data Link Layer (Layer 2 devices)

Technical
Specifications:

Hubs classify as Layer 1

devices in the OSI model

Network switches operate at layer two

(Data Link Layer) of the OSI model.

Transmission Type: only Broadcast

At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast &

Multicast

Ports:

4 ports/12 ports

Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports

Table:

There is no MAC table in Hub,

Hub can't learn MAC address.

Store MAC address in lookup table and

maintain address at its own, Switch can
Learn MAC address.

Collision:

In Hub collision occur.

In Full Duplex Switch no Collision occur.

Passive Device (Without

Software)
Transmission Mode: Half duplex
Hub has one Broadcast
Broadcast Domain:
Domain.
Spanning-Tree:
No Spanning-Tree
Device Type:

Collision Domain:

Active Device (With Software) &

Networking device
Full duplex
Switch has one broadcast domain [unless
VLAN implemented]
Many Spanning-tree Possible
in Switch, every port has its own collision
Hub has One collision domain.
domain.

Used in (LAN, MAN,

LAN
WAN):

LAN

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Hub_vs_Switch

Practical Activities
Build simple peer-to-peer network
using TIA/EIA-568-A or TIA/EIA-568-B
wiring standard. (Lab 1)
Build simple LAN using two hosts and
a switch.
Build network drive to share a file.