INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEWER Prepared by Cherry Caroline S. Chua, 11-2012 Revised by Joanna J. Orejola, 09-2013 GROUP IA (1): ALKALI METALS Possess only one valence electron Very reactive chemically Seldom found free in nature Linium, Sodium, and potassium metals are stored under kerosene->Volent (exothermic, explosive) reaction with water + Hydrogen, H->(Gk. nyaro, water, genes, forming — produces water when burned with oxygen) + Lithium, Li-3(Gk. ithos, rock because it eccursin rocts) + Sodium, Na ->(L. sodanum, headache remedy, symbol, natiu, sda) + Potassium, K->(L. Kalu, potash) ‘© Rubidium, Rb ->(L rubious, dark rod — ciscovorod with tho spectroscope, its spectrum shows red ines) + Cosium, C3-> (L. caesium, blue ~ spectral Ines are blue) + Francium, Fr-> (France) HYDROGEN, H + “flammable Air + Lightestelement ° + Among ine alkali metals, only Hydrogen can exist as a monovalent ion (H#) or a monovalent anion (Ht) + Isotopes «© Protium ->Most abundant isctope ¢ Doutorium-> Heavy hysrogen = 0:0, heavy water Hydrogen, uncer normal condtions, exist as @ diatomic molecule (#2), though tris form s not very useful pharmaceutically © Industrial uses: ¢ Haber process (production of ammonia) co Hycrogenation of ois «:Infeing baloons WATER, H:0 Natural Weter/Mineral Water © contain dissolved minerals (Ca"2, Mg*, Fe", Nat, K*, HCOs, SOx? CCH, varying amounts of suspended matter (cy, sand, microorganisms, fragments of plants and animals), and traces of dissolved atmospheric gases, ammonia, and metabo decomposition products + Not fitfor drinking INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [iE] Example ‘CHARACTERISTICS ‘ALKALINE Contain appreciable quantities of Naz8Os, WATER Mg30q and NaHCOs CARBONATED — p cofiains CO under pressure and usually WATER effervesce on coming to the surface Contain calcium and magnesium carbonates in solution 2s bicarbonate can be natural or atfcial CHALYBEATE Contains ron in solution oF h suspension WATER (Characterized by its feruginous taste Fons feric hydroxide or feric oxide upon expocurato ait LITHIA WATER f Do not contain appreciable quanilies oflihiun, either as carbonate or chionde ‘SALINEWATER Contain relatively high amounts of MgSO, (PURGATIVE NasSOsand NaCl WATER) ‘SULFUR WATER p Contains dissolved HiS and deposi § upon exposure to the atmosphere ‘SLICEOUS Water thet contain souble akal sicates WATER Water Hardness due to presence of dissoWed minerals in water ‘© Softwater->Water that does not contain appreciable amounts of Cartand Ng“ ions ‘+ Hard water-> Water that contains appreciable quantites of minerals, Temporary hardness © Contains mainly dissolved caicium and magnesium bicarbonate © Canbe removed by boling (promotes formation of insoluble calcium carbonate) or by addton of ime. Ca{OH)2 Permanent hardness © Contains mainly dissolved calcium and magnesium sulfate ‘and chloride in water © Cannot be removed by boing © Water softening s achieved by the use ofion-exchange resins Potable Water ‘+ USP Definition: Water thats obtained by cistilaton, ion exchenge, orreverse osmosis, meets sandards for freedom from colfarm orgenisms + water trated toremove insoluble matter through appropriate coagulating, setling, and fitering processes; destruction of pathogenic microorganisms by aeration, chlorination, o other ‘methods, and improvement of patatabity through aeration and fitraton through charcoal © water fluoridation © Achieved via addtion of sodium fuorosilcate © For prevention ofdental caries Drawback: could cause dental fuotosis (motting of teeth) Purified Water ‘Intended for use as an ingredient of official pregarations and in tests and assays unless otherwise specified+ Not for carenteral preparations HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 1102 + agua oxgenada, equa oxenac + Oxygenated acid, oxygenated water + Use: treatment for Vincent's stomatitis (severe form of gingivitis), as mouthwash + Commercial avaiatility © 10-volume soluton (3% wh) and 20-velume soluton (6% wy) © Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution, USP © 3% wl stabilized aqueous solution «@ 10-volume solution © Stablizer: acetanilide 0.039% LITHIUM, Li © Lithos -‘Eart ‘© Lightast metal ‘+ Pharmacologic action of lithium compounds. © Mood stablizer (depressant) Diuretic LITHIUM BROMIDE, Libr * Combined segatve ertects of inium lon ana bromige ion LITHIUM CARBONATE, LisCOs + Brand names: Eskaith®, Lithase®, Quilorium-R® Widely wsed in the prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar disorders ana mania and in the maintenance treatment of recurrent depression + Also used for treatment of mania: © Lithium Citrate © Lithium Hydroxide © Lithium Oral Solution ‘SODIUM, Na ‘© From Latin word “natrium™ «© Principal extracellular ion ‘+ Accumulation of too much sodium in the body causes Mud retention ‘© Cation of choice or organic medicinals CALCIUM DISODIUM EDETATE, C1oHtaNoNazCaOs ‘© Used in antidotal therapy for certain heavy metal poisoring (particularly for lead) © Does not precipitate hypocalcemia EDETATE DISODIUM, CroHssNzNa2052H:0 ‘© EDTA Disodium salt ‘© Pharmacologic Use: Chelating agent administered IV inthe ‘emergency treatment of hypercalcemia ‘© Hypocalcemia may occur if the drug is administered too rapidly or to patien’s who are not rally typercalcemicLie threatening INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW ‘© Not used in treatment of reavy metal poisoning since hypocalcemia apidly develops MONOBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE, NaHPOs ‘© Comporent of Fleet enema ‘© Fleet Enemais composed of Sacium Phosphate and Sodium Biphosphate © Saline laxative © Not absorbed rom tne intesunes © Systemic and urinary acidifier ‘© With Methenamine, treatment of cysts (slease of formaldehyde) 2 Hairs of corn, as decoction ~ used tor cystitic ‘© Source af phosphows in hypophosphateria and TPN ‘© Indirect lowers plesma calcium levels->£xc=ss plasma phosphate interacts with plasma calcium and is transferred to the bone ‘© Used inthe treatment of hypercalcemia DIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE, NazHPOs ‘© Sodium Phosphate, Phosphate of Soda ‘© Dibasic phosphate on is the primary anion inthe intracellular fui = Saline laxative ‘+ Antinypercalcemic, as oral solution TRIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE, NasPO. ‘© No pharmacologic use ‘= Used for cleaning glass apparatus ‘© Very alkaline reaction with water (corrosive) SODIUM ACETATE, NaCHsCOO © Diuretic ‘= Systemicand urinary alkalizer ‘© Pharmaceutical necessity used hn solutions for nemoglaysis ana peritoneal dialysis ‘© Alkaliizing agent for Benedict's Solution SODIUM ASCORBATE, NaCeHOs © Vitamin C supplement © Antioxidant SODIUM BICARBONATE, NaHCOs Baking Soda © Solvay process © Bicarbonate ion isthe 2¢ major anion the extracelllar Mud © systemic alkalzer © systemic antacia Readily absorbedby the body © Could cause systemic alkalosis Rebound hyperaciity ‘© Pharmaceutcally used as source of carbonation for eflervescent preparations © Organic acid component: tartaric, citi, ascorbic acid‘© Antidote for zine poisoning (ingestion) © Enhance elimination of acidic drugs © 4 commonly used antacids © Sodium Bicarbonate © Calcum Carbonate © Magnesium Hydroxide © Aluminum Hydroxide SODIUM BORATE, NasB.Or © Borax ‘© Pharmaceutic necessity: alkalinizing agent ‘+ Externally: as eyewash, butfer->Water-softener ‘SODIUM CARBONATE, NazCOs © Anhydrous ~ soda ash © Dinydrate — trona © Decahyarate - soda crystals, washing soaa, sal sova = Carbonating agent SODIUM CHLORIDE, NaCl ‘© Table sat, rock salt, sea salt, solar salt, dendritic salt © Chlorides the major extraceluiar anion + Electrolye replenisher © N8S-> 0.9% wiv NaClin water © Ringer's Solution NaCl, KCI and CaCl in water->isotonic Solution of Three Chiorides © Ladiated Ringer's NaCl, KCI, CaCh, sodium lactate Hartmann’ Solution © Ord rehydration salts-»NaCl, glucose, KCI, sodium citrate + Tonicity-adjustng agent = Condiment © Preservative SPY RITEATE stadt tung complex win La necessary ior blood clotting © Invi: Systemic and urinary alkaizer Expectorant 2 Invivo (parenteral) blood coagulant 2 Excessive oral administration of ciate salts can have a laxative effect © Bestexpectorant water vapor SODIUM FLUORIDE, NaF © Amticaiogenic agent (1.1%) in dentitices, ‘© Excess of fluoride ion causes cental fluorosis (motting of teeth) ‘* __NaMFP (Sodium Monofluoride Phosphate) ->also used in dentiices ‘© Fluoride ion i toxic and should not be ingested in large amounts INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [EJ ‘© Nonpharmaceutical use: © Rodenticde and insecticide ‘© Hydroftuorc Acid fs used in glass etching and causes siow-healing ‘bums (antidote: calcium gluconate) SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE ‘© Bost antidcte for mercuric chloride poisoning SODIUM GLUCONATE, NaCeHss0r © Electrolyte replenisher © Gluconate saris les iitating water soluble ‘Acceptors of hydragen ions produced by metabolic processes ‘and act as indirect source of bicarbonate ions SODIUM HYDROXIDE, NaOH = Caustic soda, lyo, soca, soda lye ‘© Very deiquescent-> readily absorb water from the environment and readily dissolve in the water that was absorbed © Saponitying agent-> Manufacture of soaps © Soft Soap vs. Hard Soap = Conosive + Readily attack glass © Too alkaline to be of medicinal value-rapidly destroys tissue (caustic) © Pharmaceutical use © _alkalinzing agent to form soluble sodium salts of various drugs © Pharraceutcal necessity in preparation of Giyerin ‘Suppositories ‘© Ingestion of solutions of sodium hydroxide causes liquefaction necrosis! saponification necrosis, ‘© (us. strong acids - coagulate necrosis) oun Lime, muir vujuiye © Caxsodica ‘© Mixture of calcium hycroxide and sodium or potassium hydroxide or both © Gocd carbon dioxide absorber for anesthesia machines, oxygen therapy, and metabolic tests SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE, NaHPO2 © Reducing agent SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, NaOCI ‘+ Household bleach, Chlorox - 4-6% whw NaOCI in water + Bleaching agent ‘© Disinfectant (oxicizing propery) * Dakin's Solution > disinfectant ‘© Labarraque’s Solution (-2.5%) ->isinfectant© Modified Dakin's Soluton(460-500 mg NaOC! per 100 mL solution)-> antiseptic SODIUM IODIDE, Nal © lodide is an essential ion necessary for synthesis of triodothyronine ‘and thyroxine © Soutee of iodine © Lack of iodine-> simple or colloid goiter lodides: expectorant action (oral administration) © expectorant © Pharmaceutical use-> Soluoiizer of laine in lodine-containing preparations such as lodine Tincture and lodine Soluton = Protect from moisture and light SODIUM METABISULFITE, Nax8x0s © Water-soluble antixidant->Good reducing agent ‘© A combination of sodium bisufite and sodium metabisufite in varying proportions ‘© Itis the bisufte of commerce and forall practical purposes possesses the same properties as the true bisulfite ‘© _Antoxigant tor crugs wnicn contain pnenol or catecno! nucleus (@.g phenylephrine HCI, epinephrine HCI solutions) to prevent oxidation to quinones; also in Vitamin © solutions (usually 0.1%)->Solutions must be acid in pH ‘© Antimicrobial property © Fermentation industries Preservative and bleach in food © Toprepare water-soluble analogs of water-insoluble crugs (2.9 menadione sodium bisufte) © Drawback of sulftes and SOz > Hypersensitivity reactions in susceptibie individuals (angioedema, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis) SODIUM NITRATE, NaNO + tile saipetr, sole © Preservative SODIUM NITRITE, NaNOz ‘© Internally ats as @ vasodilator due to relaxation of smooth muscle (can cause lowering of blood pressure) ‘© Antidote for cyanide poisoning © Used for curing meats and fish © Color development © Flavor production (with sodium chloride) © Preservation against bacteria © However: carcinogenic SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE, Na:[Fe(CN}sNO] 2420 * Hypotensive agent ‘SODIUM PERBORATE, NaBOs © Mic disinfartant and endiavant INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW ‘+ Readily releases oxygen in contact wih oxidizable matter ‘SODIUM POLYMETAPHOSPHATE © Calgon, Graham's salt © Watersoftener © detergent SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE © Brand name: Kayexalate © Cation-exchange resin for treatment of hyperkalemia resulting from kidney failure SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE, NaKCH.Oe:H20 © Rochele Salt, Sal Seainette ‘© Saline laxative-> poorly absorbed in the intestine ‘© Sequestering Agent in Febling's Solution ‘© Acidity Regulator in food SODIUM SACCHARIN ‘= Artificial ewootenor SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE © Brand name: Explotab © Tablet isintegrant SODIUM SULFATE, NaxSO.-10H:0 © Glauber salt ‘+ Saline laxative-> Sulfate lon poorly absorbed in GIT SODIUM TARTRATE, NazCsHlsOe ‘© Primaty standard for Karl Fischer Reagent used for Water Content Determination © Laxative Diuretic NOT converted to bicarbonate inside the body © Hypotensive agent ‘© Also used in cleaners for contact lenses and as antioxidant synergistin cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations SODIUM THIOSULFATE, NaS:0s ‘© Hypochler, Photographer's hypo, hypo ‘© Sodium hyposuffite (misnomer) ‘© Antidote for cyanide poisoning, in conjunction with sodium nitrite © Used as volumetric solution in tration ‘© Acids decompose thiosulfate to suttur Bases decompose thiosulst to sulfate © Prone to bacterial decomposition ‘© Removallof chlorine trom aqueous solutionsMONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG) + Brand: Ainomoto © Flavor enhancer © _Imparts a meat favor to foods (Navor enhancer) © Shatpens weaker favors already present in food without ‘adding any significant teste of their own ‘© Causes Chinese Restaurant Syncrome-> some individuals sensitiveto glutamate: ght-Headedness, headache, uncomfortable sense of warmth, dificult in breathing POTASSIUM, K © “Kalu” Principal intracellular cation Deficiency state -> Hypokalemia © Dueto severe bums, darthea, or other causes Signs and symptoms: muscle weakness and muscle paralysis ‘© Pharmacologic action’ Diuretic © Invelved in muscte contraction DIBASIC POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, K:HPO. © Potassium Phosphate ‘© Treatment of nypercalceria © Favors deposition of calcium and phosphate the bone © Aportion is converted to pyrophosphate, a cielator of calcium, the complex excreted inthe urine 0 High plasma phosphate levels decrease caltil levels and decrease absorption of caleium ‘© Used in conjunction with monobasic sat for potassium or phosphate deficiency ‘© Reagentfor various buffers and parenteral ids © Nolonger used as laxative MONOBASIC POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, KHsPOx + Sotensen’s Potassium Phosphate ‘© For treatment of rypercalcemia ->Used in conjunction withthe dibasic salt © Urinary acicier (© Fortreatment of calcific kidney stones (neprolthiasis) ->decrease in tee calcium excretion inthe urine decreases store formation and acidification of urine and free pytophosphate ion favor dissolution of stones © Cancause diantiea POTASSIUM ACETATE, KCH:COO © Urinary and systemic alkaizer © Diuretic © Antacid POTASSIUM ALUM, AIK(SOs)2 12H:0 © Tawas INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [IE © Astringent © styptic © Antiperspirant © Deodorant POTASSIUM BICARBONATE, KHCOs systemic antacid © Diuretic Electrolyte replenisher ‘© May cause hyperkalemia on prolonged use ‘© Carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution, USP POTASSIUM BITARTRATE, KHCsHeOe ‘© Cream of tartar, argol, acid potessium tartrate © Occurs in acidulous fruits = grapes Saline laxative ‘© Ingredient on baking powder to raise dough POTASSIUM BROMIDE, KBr © Depressant © Sedative © Used for preparation of samples for IR analysis (pelts) POTASSIUM CARBONATE, KsCOs ‘© Potash, Pearl ash, Salt of tartar, Salt of wormaood ‘Pharmaceutical necessity (basic property) * Carbonating agent POTASSIUM CHLORATE, KCIOs ‘© Deodorant action due to oxidizing capability POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, KCI ‘© Potassium salt of choice for potassium replenishment Electrolyte replenisher © Component of Ringers Injection ‘ASI injecton, administered as orp, not push ->Muscles and heart contracts © Used in lethal injection © Component of Ringer's and Darrow’s Solution (composition: KCI, NaCl and sodium lactate) ‘© High local concentrations in the GIT can lead to ulceration POTASSIUM CITRATE, KsCsHs0r * systemic akalzer © Osmotic diuretic POTASSIUM GLUCONATE, KCsHOr ‘© Electrolyte replenisher for hypokalemic states © Less iitating compared to potassium chloridePOTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, KOH © Caustic potash, lye potash Strong base; very corrosive Saponifying agent Used for manufacture of soft soap POTASSIUMIODIDE, KI © odide salt of choice © Expectorant ‘© Solubiizer for iodine ‘© Prolonged use could lead to hypothyroidism © Excessive amounts could lead to lodism © acondition produced by excessive amounts of iodine in the body © characterized by increased lactimation and salvation, rhinitis, weakness, and skin eruption ‘© Used for prevention of goiter © ldine in the form of iodide, is a necessary nutrient for the synttesis of thyroid hormones. ‘© Fortreatment of hyperthyroidism ‘© To prepare for thyroid surgery (with antithyroid medications) © AS saturated solution ‘© To protect the thyroid in cases of radiation emergency © Tabiets, ora solution ‘© Drug of choice for cutaneous lymphatic sporotrictosis (SSKI 1gimL) ‘© Used for prevention of goiter ‘© dine, inthe form of iodide, is a necessary nutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. ‘© Fortreatment of hyperthyroidism ‘© To prepare for thyroid surgery (with antithyroid medications), As saturated solution © To protect the thyroid in cases of radiation emergency ‘© Tablets, ora solution ‘© Drug of choice for cutaneous lymphatic sporotrictosis (SSKI 1gimL) POTASSIUM METABISULFITE, KzS:0s © Antioxidant ‘© Can trigger allergic reactions in hypersensitive individuals POTASSIUM NITRATE, KNOs © Salipeter, salt, salt prunelle * Used as a meat preservative *Tooth-desensitzing agent POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE, KCIO« ‘© Strong oxidizing agent ‘© Antisthyroid agent (forthe treatment of hyperthyroidism) © Asblocking agent for -134 POTASSIUM PERNANGANATE, KMnO: ‘© Mineral chameleon INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [IIG} Dark purple or almost black crystals or granular powder, almost ‘opaque by transmitted light and with a blue metalic luster by reflected light ‘Strong oxidizing agent Local antinfective, antiseptic, deodorant Used as volumetric solution in tiimetry POTASSIUM SORBATE, KCaM;O2 Pharmaceutical aid > preservative (0.2%) ‘Antimicrobial -> control growth of yeasts and mold in enteral formula, foods, and cosmetic preparations Relatively nefective above pH 6.5 POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE, KSCN Hypotensive agent SULFURATED POTASH, K2Sx- Kz820s Liver of sulur, hepar sufuris, potassa sufurata © Ireguiar, liver brown pieces rapidly changing to greenish- yellow on exposure to air © Possess odor of hydrogen sulfide Used in preparation of Write Lotion Reacts with zinc sulfate to precipitate zine sulfide © Source of sulde ion in preparation of White Loto, USP used in dermatological practice as: ‘© Astringent, protective, mild antimicrobial and antifungal ‘© Treatment of parasitic diseases ofthe skin ‘AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS ‘Ammonium ion is a hypothetical alkali metal Pseudo-alkal metal ion Generally, ammonium compounds are very water soluble BUT: ammonium hydroxide is @ weak base as comgared to alka hydroxides which are strong bases Pharmacologic action © Osmotc diuretic © Buffer component © Expectorant AMMONIA, NHs ‘Synthesized via Haber Process Involves combination of hydrogen and nitrogen gas at high pressures to produce ammonia Used in pharmacy in dilute form as respiratory stimulant Household ammonia: 10% NHS and is known as 160 ammonia (cegrees Baumé) STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION ‘Stronger ammonia water, stronger ammonium hydroxide solution, spirit of Hartshorn Prepared by Haber process: N2 + 3H2 +> 2NH3 + heat Contains 2796 to 3196 wiv of NHVery pungent and characteristic odor Strongly alkaline to ftmus even when disted (On exposure to arit loses ammonia rapidly Solution is caustic and vapors iritating (avoid inhalation) Coo! container well before opening, cover the closure with cloth while opening AMMONIA WATER © Dilute Ammonia Solution © Contains 9.5-10.59 wiw of NH © Used as reflex respiratory stimulant © Toneutralize insect stings and jellyfish sings of Portuguese man-of-wat AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT © Respiratory stimulant ‘© Components: Ammonium Carbonate, NF and Strong Ammonia Solution, NF © Components: Ammonium Caroonate, NF and Sttong Ammonia Solution, NF, volatile cis (nutmeg and lemon) and ethanol AMMONIATED MERCURY, HgNH2CI © White precipitate © Topical ant-infective AMMONIUM ACETATE, AYCHsCOOs)s * Spirit of Mindererus ‘© Buffer Component AMMONIUM ALUM, AI(NH.)(SOq)+42H20 © Depressant © Tawas © Astringent © styptc © Antiperspirant © Deodorant AMMONIUM BROMIDE, NHBr © Depressant AMMONIUM CARBONATE, (NHé)2COs ‘© Ammonia crystal, sal volatile, ammonium sesquicarbonate, Presion's sa, Hartshorn, baker's ammonia © Composed of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate (NH:COONH) «Realy converted to ammonium carbonate in the presence of ammonia © Expectorant Respiratory stimulant ~ decomposes to NH and CO, *Souree of ammonia for ‘smeling sats © Used inte preparation of Aromatic Armonia Spit INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [Ii Spirt of sal volatile, Spirt of Hartshorn Used as a respiratory stimulant in cases of hysterical syncope AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, NH.CI ‘© Muriate of Harshorn, sal ammoniac © Diuretic © Expectorant © systemic acider © Urinary acaiier AMMONIUM FERRIC CITRATE © hematin AMMONIUM IODIDE, NHal © expectorant AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE, (NH4)2HPO« © Formerly used as duretic. ‘© Used as buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations GROUP IB (11): COINAGE METALS © Copper © Siver © Gold COPPER AND COPPER COMPOUNDS COPPER, Cu © Cuprum Only reddish colored metal © Third most malleable metal ‘Excellent conductor of heat (surpassed only by siver and goc) and electicity (surpassed by siver) Forms two seres of salts © Guprous ion (Gu) * Readily undergo disproportionation © Water insoluble * Allare white except CuzS ard Cu20 2 Cupric ion (Cut?) © Important alloys © Bronze > Cu and Sn © Brass -> Cu and Zn Present on hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase * Respiratory proteins ~ chromoproteins © Coloris due to copper * Pharmacologic action: © Protain precipitant (heavy meta) Enhances utiization of ron © Toxicity: Wilson’s Disease Accumulation of too much copper nthe body 2 Antidote: Penicilamine (Cuprimine)COPPER ACETO-ARSENATE Pats green # Insectcice UPRIG SULFATE, GuSO«: 5H:0 © Blue viol, blue stone, Roman vitriol, Salzburg virial © Component of Benedict's solution, Fehling's solufon and Barfoed's solution->Test for reducing substances Bordeaux Moxture->Cupric sulfate and lime (Ca0} © Algaecide and fungicide in swimming pools © Enhance utiization of iron ‘© Antidote for phosphorus poisoning ‘SILVER ANDSILVER COMPOUNDS SILVER, Ag © *Argentum" Very soft, ductile and malleable metal ‘© Fine iver 99.9% pure ~ too soft © Usually alloyed to give strength while preserving ductilty and beauty ofthe metal © Steting Siver (92.5% Ag, 75% Cu, usually) ‘© Pharmacologic action: (0 Protein precipitant (heavy metal) © Oligodynamic action © Toxicity: Argyria © Darkening of skin due to chronic use of siver preparations 0 Antidote: NSS SILVER IODIDE, Agi © gemicids SILVER NITRATE, AgNOs Lunar caustic © Water scluble salt of silver + Lapizinferulais (caustic penci) Component of indelible ink © Used fortreatment of warts reeanatorum (can cause bindness to the newborn) © Tollen’s Reagent (ammoniacalsver nite) SiN mior test (presence of reducing substances, such as INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW ‘GOLD AND GOLD COMPOUNDS GOLD, Au **Aurum’ King ofall metals Most malleable metal Best condutor of electricity Precious metal ~ expensive Very soft and ductile © Can only be dissolved by: © Aqua Regia (3 parts HCI: part HNOs) © Selenic Acid ‘© Purple of Cassius->Colloidal gold with stannic hydroxide © Toxicity: Gold dermatitis © Antidote: BAL/ Dimercaprol GOLD COMPOUNDS © Used forteatment of rheumatoid arthritis © Aurothiogucose © Gold Sodium Thiomatate © Auranofin-> po GROUP IIA (2): ALKALINE EARTH METALS: © 2 valence dectrons © Form divalent ions ‘+ _ Selected General Reactions of Group 2A Elemerts: Equations Reaction M2420 — MOH)2* Hat | * Be probably reacts with steam + Mg reacts with hot water + Ca, Srand Ba reacts rapidly with cold water M2HCI—> MGk*Het [> Allmetals react with acids, liberating He Be + 4N@OA > + Be is amphoteric Nag[Be(OH)s] + Nat + Only Be reacts with NaOH group members Ba + Os excess) BaQz | + Tendency and stabi in forming peroxides increases alehytes) with increasing atomic umber +_Ba forms pervites eS aT aay Rom = Almetas rom hides Wer Proteinate edema tse | aun MN + Alor nities at high Wid Siver Protein Argel) | Anisepctoreyes | 1823 temperatures Sirong Siver Pron (Proiarga) | Anisepcforearsand | 7885 thst BERYLLIUM, Be Colbie Sve Prtein(Colargo) | Generalgermicde | 1822 | ® Notused pharmaceutical(MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS: MAGNESIUM, Mg © Lightest ofall structurally important metals, © Natural sources: © Silicate ~talc, asbestos, © Carbonate ~ magnesite, dolomite co Sulfate —Kieserite + Mg? © 2% most abundant intracellular cation © Found in chiorophyi © Grignard Reagent (RMgX) used for synthesis of alcohols © Pharmacologic action © Cathartc © Depressant action ‘¢ Natural calcium-channel blocker MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, MgCOs © Magnesia ‘© 2 forms: ight and heavy © Antacid © Lavatve MAGNESIUM CITRATE, Mgs(CeHs0r): ‘© Lemonada purgante, purgative lemon © Saline cathartic MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, Mg(OH)2 ‘© Milk of Magnesia, Magnesia Magma © Antacid © Side effect can cause ciarthea MAGNESIUM OXIDE, MgO © Calcined Magnesia © Antacia © Laxative ‘© Component of Universal Antidote-> MgO, activated charcoal, tannic acid © Noteffectve for cyanide and kerosene poisoning MAGNESIUM SULFATE, ligSQz © Epsom salt © Oral administration: cathartic ‘© Intramuscular administration: anticonvulsant HYDRATED MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE (TALC), SMgQ4Si0zH:0 + Soapstone, French chalk © Softest mineral © Dusting powder © Clartying agent © Fitering aia © adsorbent INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE, 2MgO- 8Si02:H20 Antacid © Advantages: © Can protect ulcers by forming protective coating on the stomach © Gelatinous consistency provides prolonged antacid effect CALCIUM AND CALCIUM COMPOUNDS CALCIUM, Ca © Calcium jon isthe second most abundant extracellular cation © Sources: Dolomite MgCOseCaCOs Fluorite CaF Gypsum CaSO Phosphate Rock CasPO.)2 Apatite CaF and CaePOu}e © Pharmacologic action: Blood coagulation factor needed forthe conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Release of neurotransmitirs (norepinephrine) Muscle contraction ‘Structural material ofones and teeth Vitamin D is required for maximum absorption of Calcium Vitamin C= Fe absorgtion Vitamin E = Se absorstion © Calcium deficieney: 2 Osteomalacia (adults) Rickets (children) © Osteoporosis CALCIUM BROMIDE, CaBre © Sedativeldepressant CALCIUM CARBIDE, CaC2 © Kalburo CALCIUM CARBONATE, CaCOs © Two important forms © Precipitated Calcium Carbonate + Commercially produced by chemical means © Prepared Calcium Carbonate * Native, calcium carbonate purified by elutiation © 2erystal forms: 2 Aragonite Calcite > natural birefringent crystal+ Iceland Spar-pvery pure form of calcite © Polarimeters © Optcalbiretingence © Antec © Can cause rebound hyperaciity CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CaClz © Muriate of ime ‘© Electrolyte replenisher in hypocalcemic states ‘© Component of Ringer's solution CALCIUM GLUCONATE, CisHzsCa0« ‘Most commonly used calcium salt as electrolyte replenisher © Less intating than Calcium Chloride CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, Ca(OH)2 © Slaked lime, milkoflime, calcium hydrate ‘© Saponifying agent CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE, Ca(OC))2 © Bleaching agent © Disinfectant CALCIUM OXIDE, Cao © Lime, Quickime, Calx, Apog, Burnt Lime, Cabx Usta © Component of Bordeaux mixture > insecticide CALCIUM PHOSPHATE, CaxPOd © Bone ash © Artacis ‘© Major component of bone © Product of cremation CALCIUM SULFATE, (CaSOq)zHi0 or Ca8O«-/2H+0 © Plaster of Pars # Used in surgical ast © CaSOse2H20 © Gypsum, terra alba + Dentiice STRONTIUM, Sr © Imgarts crimson red toa nonluminous fame STRONTIUM CHLORIDE, SrClz © Tocth desensitizing agent ‘* _Actve ingredient in Sensodyne toothpaste BARIUM, Ba heavy" © Toxicity: Bartos's INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [EU inhalation ingestion of water-soluble barium compounds: ‘Muscle stimulating action Antidote: Magnesium Sutate BARIUM HYDROXIDE, Ba(OH)28H:0 * Component of Barium Hydroxide Lime © Similar to soda ime © COzabsorber ‘© A saturated solution of barium hydroxide in water is known as baryta water BARIUM SULFATE, BaSOz Radiopaque for imaging of GIT © Can cause constipation RADIUM,Ra © Discovered by Marie Curie © Radioactive Old unitfor radioactivity: Curie © Slunit:Becquerel © Diagnostic puposes © Treatment ofcertain types of cancers GROUP IIB (12):VOLATILE METALS/VOLATILE ELEMENTS © Zinc Famiy + Metals have relatively low melting points, © Zine © Cadmium © Mercury ZINC, Zn © Presentin insulin ‘© Container for batteries and cry cells ‘© Protective coating in galvanized iron * Pharmacologic properties: © Astringent Antiseptic © Antiperspirant © Deodorant © similar to Aluminum ‘+ Deficiency state: Parakeratos © Skin appears tb be scaly thickened and inflamed ‘© Important in immune system Deficiency state leeds to impaired immunity ‘© Antidote for Zné poisoning: Sodium Bicarbonate ZINC CHLORIDE, ZnCl © Butter of Zinc © Bumetts Disinfecting Fluid‘© Antiseptic found in mouthwashes © Dentin desensitizer ZINC OXIDE, ZnO Zine Write Component of Lassar's Paste mild antiseptic Astringent Topical protectant Toxicity: Metal Fume Fever © occupational disease from inhalation of Zn fumes ‘© ZnO heated with CoO -> Rinman’s Green (CoZn02) © Thenard’s Blue -> Cobalt metaaluminate ZINC PEROXIDE, Zn02 © Antiseptic ‘Properties simiarto that of hydrogen peroxide ‘© Release of nascent oxygen provides powerful oxidizing action HYDRATED ZINC SILICATE © Natural calamine ‘© prepared calamine-> ZnO with traces of feric oxide as impurity ZINC SULFATE, ZnSOx © White vitiot © Used as ophthalmic astringent © 0.25% aqueous solution is the only FDA-approved OTC. ophthalmic astringent ‘© Used in preparation of White Lotion © Suffurated potash and zinc sufate © Active ingredient in White Lotion: ZnS (© Scabicide, topical ant-infective ‘ZINC-EUGENOL CEMENT © Dental protective ‘© Source of eugenol: clove oll CADMIUM, Co + Pharmacologic action of water-soluble compounds» Astringent © Heavy metal © Very poisonous ‘© Toxicity: ita-tai disease (Japan) * Source of cadmium: cigarette smoking © Antidote: BAL! Dimercaprol © Cadmium has high affrity for metallothioneins (stress proteins) CADMIUM CHLORIDE, CaCI: © emetic 8 lisesi tna inertinns INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [iRKE CADMIUM SULFIDE, CoS Only yellow sulfide Antiseborrheic agent (or dandruff) Capsebon CADMIUM SULFATE, CaSO« Ophthalmic antiseptic MERCURY, Hg Hydrargyrum, quicksiver, asoge Forms two sees of sats © Mercurous, Hgz!*->Moreciffcult to absorb oo Relatively lass toxic compared to Hg"? © Mercurie (Hg?) ‘Source->Cinnabar (Aethrop's mineral), - gS Encountered in thermometers, amalgams Toxicity : Minamata Disease ‘Signs and symptoms © Metalic tast,thitst, soreness of throat, salvation, sore gums, bloody diarrhea, severe gastric pain, vomiting (ingestion of inorganic Hg salts) © Acute poisoning->Hg- severe vomiting, damage to intestinal mucosa, dlursis, ational renal damage © Chronic poisoning-»8ehavioral and personality changes, decreased visual aculty, tremors, insomnia, ataxia co Mad hatter's disease ‘© Hg compounds were used to convert fur to felt © Tremors, behavioral changes in makers of fet hats (1900's) Toxic Forms co Hg?>Hge?> Hoe © Organic mercury more toxc than inorganic mercury (methylmercury) © Organic mercury toxicity Brain damage ‘© Numbness Loss of vision © Loss of vision © Deafness © Madness * Death Elemental and methylmercury -> CNS Mercury vapor ~> pulmonary initant Methyimercury -> teratogenic Inorganic mercury salts - corrosive to skin, eyes, GI, nephrotoxic 2 Chronic inhalation of Hg vapor © Tremor, neuropsychiatric disturbances © Gingwvostomatitis © Erethism‘© Acrodynia (cidren)-$Pain in extremities, pinkish discoloration and desquamation (‘pink disease’), hypertension, profuse sweating, anorexia, insomnia, initabiity or apathy, rash Mechanism of Toxicity © Cumulative poisons © Once absorbed, Hg" concentrates in kidneys © Combine with ~SH groups of protein leading to inactivation (generally for heavy metals) Antidotes © Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate, NF ‘Best antidote for Hg poisoning, especially Hy? Reduces Hg}? to Hge’, less soluble © Penicillamine (Cuprimine®) + Forelemental Hg © Dimercaprol (BAL) © not used for poisoning with metalic and organic mercury © forinorganic Hg salts only © DMA (Succimer) - water-soluble analog of BAL + Chelating agents © Foralltypes of mercury posioning * May recistrbute Hg to brain from other tissue Pharmacofogic action © Diuretic, useful for cardiac edema Antiseptic protein precipitant action Antsyphiltc Cathartc Parastcide and tungicie MERCUROUS CHLORIDE Hg:Cle © Calomel © Cathartc © Active ingredient in Ly-Na MERCURIC CHLORIDE, HoCh © Corrosive sublimate © disinfectant MERCURIG IODIDE, Holz © Treatment of syphilis © Kland Hgle > Mayer's reagent © most sensitive akaloidal reagent © White precipitate (+ result MERCURIC OXIDE, HgO © Yellow precipitate © Ophthalmic anttinfective GROUP IIIA (13) - BORON/ALUMINUM FAMILY ‘© Mg has a diagonal relationship with aluminium INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [IRF BORIC ACID, HsB0s ‘Sal sedativum Hombergi, Boracic acid, orthoboric acid Toxic by ingestion or dermal absorption Boiled lobster appearance of skin © Redldish-orange color of skin Eyewash (2%) - antiseptic property Tonicity adjusting agent Buffer component © Standard pH buffer pH 8-10: Alkaline Borate Buffer © Pharmaceutical buffer systems ‘© Feldman’s (pH 7-82) + Atkins and Pantin (pH 7.6-11) — Borate buffer system + Gifford (pH 67.8) ‘+ Sorensen's (pH 5.9-8) — Phosphate buffer system Borate buffers are used in ophteimic and nasal solutions and external preparations (NOT for parenteral preparations) Limitation of phosphate buffers; formation of precipitate with certain metal ions (Ag, Zn, Al) SODIUM BORATE, NazB.Or-10H:0 Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Borax Dobel's Solution © aqueous solution of sodium borate, sodium bicarbonate, phenol, and glycerol © used as an astringent or antisey nose fash forthe throat and ALUMINUM, AI Most abundant metal 3 most abundant element Abrasive Toxicity (inhatation)-> Shaver's Disease Neurotoxin (brain) © Cause Alzheimers disease in elderly Source->Cryolte NaFeAIF, ALUMINUM CHLORIDE, AICly-6H:0 Astingent Antiseptic Antiperspirant Deodorant ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, AlOH)s Gastric antacid Brand names: Amphojl, Cremalin Side effects: Constipation Can interfere with absorption of phosphates© Maalox © Combination of Ng(OH)2 and Al(OHjs © Counteract side effects of one anotrer ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE, AIPOs © Gastric antacid ‘© Brand name: Phosphegel + Advantage over Al(OH)s->Does not interfere with phosphate absorption ALUMINUM CARBONATE, Aly{PO4)s © Treatment of phosphatic calculi -> Promotes elimination of phosphate via fecal route ALUM © Tawas ‘© Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum © Aniperspirant 4 Astingent © Deodorant ALUMINUM OXIDE, AlzOs © Alumina © Treatment of silicosis ALUMINUM SILICATES + Bentonite © Soapclay, mineral soap 0 Native colloidal hydrated aluminum slicate co Bentonite Magma © 5% suspension in water © Suspending agent * Kaolin China clay 0 Native hydrated aluminum silicate © Adsorbent-> Treatment of mid diarthea © Demulcent © Pumice © Complex silicate of aluminum, sodium and potassium © Voleanic origin 0 Dental abrasive ‘© Disadvantage: too abrasive for daily use © Melts at near body temperature ‘© Substitute for mercury in the manufacture of arc lamps © Treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia by binding with INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [IEE} GROUP IVA (14) - CARBON FAMILY ‘© Nonmetalic in character CARBON, C © Exclusively nonmetlic © Only element which can form mutple bonds with itself © CATENATION-> Chain-formation © allotropic modifications of Carbor © Crystalline © Diamond (tetrahedral) © Graphite (planar © Amorphous © Coal and anthracite © Activated Charcoal Residue from destructive distilaton of various orgarie ‘materials treated to increase its alsorptive power Oficial in te USP: fine form © Used as adsotbent (poisoning by ingestion) ‘© Effecve for alkaloidal poisons ‘© Ineffective against cyanide end kerosene © Treatment of diarrhea CARBON DIOXIDE, CO; © Carbonic acid gas ‘© Most potent respiratory stimulant © Stored in GRAY containers © Used for treatment of persistent hiccups © Toxicity through sufocation © Dry ice-> solid form Used as refrigerant © For treatment of acne, warts, coms and eczema CARBON MONOXIDE, CO * Coloress, odorless, tasteless gas © Systemic poison ‘© Mechanism of Action: binds to hemoglobin of blood leacing to hypoxia © COhas higher affinity for hemoglobin compared to oxygen gas © Treatment: © 100% Oxygen-Sinhalation © Atificial Ai-980% He and 20% G2 © CO>Oz mixture © Hyperbaric Oxygen SILICON, Si © Second most abundant elementSILICON DIOXIDE, SiO * silica Inert Very abundant in nature Glass is made up of silica and other adatives Causative agent of silicosis Signs and symptoms similar to TB © Haemoptysis — blood in sputum © Silica becomes deposited in the lungs — iitation © Alumina forms a coat with silica particles (antidote + Glass Pure silica fused with Effect sodium carbonate With Wine ‘Mask blue green color ofron usually present in glass ‘With Boron (as borate) | Decrease coeficient of expansion of glass With Potassium Render glass brown with ight-resistant property-> amber-colored glass With Lead Increase refractive index of glass Rare Earns Selecively absorb light of certain wavelengths ‘© Purified siliceous Earth © Adsorbent 0. Filtering aid © Clartying agent ilicates Magnesium trisilicate ‘Aluminum silicates -> Bentonite, Pumice, Kaolin Attapulgite -> Diatabs, Polymagma, Quintess Mgs(SisOn)(OH).08H0 ‘Adsorbent > used for ciarthea ° ° thicone Polymer of dimethyisiioxane Antifatulent AAntifcaming agent TINANDTINCOMPOUNDS TIN, Sn © °Stennum” Used in production of cans two series of sats 0 Stannous (St) © Stannic (Sn*4) STANNOUS FLUORIDE, SnF2 © Anticariovenic aventl INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [iEEJ ‘© Vs. Sodium Fluoride -> at least 4 appications\Stannous Fluoride -> ‘only one application BUT: solutions shouldbe freshly prepared STANNOUS PEROXIDE, SnO ‘© Germicide against Staphylococcal organisms LEAD, Pb © -Plumbum” © Protein precipitant (heavy meta) © Forms two series of salts: © Plumbous (P+) © Plumbic (Pb~) ‘+ Poisoning: Plumbismy Saturnism ‘Automobile exhaust Canned foods ld lead pipes Paints containing lead Diagnosis: foot crop/urist drop Most serious effect-> Lead encephalopathy © Memory toss © Iritatty © Clumsiness © Projectile vomiting LEAD ACETATE, Pb(CHsCOOs)2 © Sugar of Lead © Astringent ‘© Used forthe preparation of Lead Subacetate Solution LEADSUBACETATE, Pb(CH:CO0:)2 © PH(CHsCOO;)2+ PLO Goulards Extract Antiseptic Astringent GROUP IVB (4)- TITANIUM FAMILY TITANIUM, Ti © Titans © Sonsof the Earth © Chemically: powerful reducing agent TITANIUM DIOXIDE, TiO2 ‘© Solar ray protectant w/ high refractive index->Sunblock © White pigment © High coverage area © Opacitying agent © White capsules© Pilocarpine Ocusert System (for glaucoma) © Provides white background for easy visibility ZIRCONIUM, Zr © Similar to Aluminum © Antiperspirant © Deodorant Forms © Aluminum Zirconium Trichlorohydrate © Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohycrex Gly © Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohycrex PG © Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohycrex PEG ‘© Ziconium salts are are known to cause skin granuloma Use of antiperspirantsdeodorants have been linked to breast ccancer-> no clear scientific evidence © Use in aerosols prohibited -> pulmonary granuloma ZIRCONIUM OXIDE, ZrO ‘© Former official compound © Antiperspirant * Treatment of athlete's foot ZIRCONIUM CARBONATE, ZCOs ‘© Former official compound © Antiperspirant Treatment of athlete's foot GROUP VA (15) NITROGEN FAMILY ‘NITROGEN AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ‘NITROGEN, Nz ‘© Exists a8 a diatomic molecule in ordinary conditions © without ie” © Synonyms: Azote, Mephitc Ait ‘© Provides an inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals # Used as a carrier gasin GC © Stored in BLACK containers © Liquid nitrogen: © Used as a reftigerant © Cryogenic preservation NITRATES, NOs; NITRITES, NOr © Used as preservatives © NOs = NOx — N-nitroscamines (carcinogenic) ‘NITROUS OXIDE, NO Laughing gas, sweet air © Intalatory anesthetic Stored in BLUE containers INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW PHOSPHORUS, P Light- carrier "St. Elmo's Fire" Essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissue and bones Three main allotropic forms: © White Phosphorus * Cololess or white solid with waxy appearance © Darkens on exposure to light ‘© Sometimes called Yellow Phosphorus, color due to impurities ‘© Stored under water-> handled using forceps ‘© When exposed to air inthe dark, itemits a greenish light ‘and gives off white fumes with garlicky odor © Uses: rat poison VERY POISONOUS! © Acute Ingestion: Gatc odor of breath, luminous Vomnitus, severe Gl nitation, bloody dianthea, liver damage general protoplasmic poison © Chronic Poisoning: bony necrosis, esp. the mandible (phossy jaw’) © Black Phosphorus © Resembles graphite in texture ‘© Produced ftom white P under high pressures © Stable in air © Does not catch fe spontaneously © Red Phosphorus ‘© Appears as redto violet powder ‘© Properties of red P are intermediate between those of black and white P © Insolube in organie solvents (vs. White P which is soluble in certain org. solvents) © Less chemically active compared to White P ‘© Relatively nontoxic unless it contains White P as impurity Uses: safety matches, pyrotechnics Phosphates-> Of physiologic and medicinal importance ARSENIC, As Lewiste metal Salvarsan/ Compound 606/ Arsphenamine-> First antsyphils drug by Paul Ehrich Paris Green — cupric aceto-arsenite © Rodenticide, insecticide, pigment, blue colorant for fireworks, © Made by combining cupric sulfate and arsenic trioxide 2 Cu(Cet02)2 9CulAsO2e ‘Scheele's Green — cupric hydrogen arsenite Fowler's Solution - 1% potassium arsenite Solution (KASO:) © Antleukemic (before) Donovan's Solution — arsenic (Il) iodide solution© For trypanosome infections, rheumatism, arthritis, malaria, TB, diabetes (before) ‘© Acute poisoning: ‘2 Digestive problems - vomiting, abdominal pains, ciarhea ‘accompanied by bleeding © Mees lines — characteristic white ines on nails Hairloss ‘© Chronic poisoning: Arsenicosis, © Smetters, patients treated with arsenicals, drinking water with high levels of arsenic 2 cancer © Antidote: BAL (Dimercapro} © General protoplasmic poison © Arsenious ion As“) ‘© High affinity for SH compounds ‘¢ Trvalent arsenic more toxic than pentavalent arsenic © Toxic to alltypes of cells Napoleon Bonaparte-»Arsenic detected on hair strand ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, AS:03 © Synonyms: arsenious oxide, white arsenic, arsenic (I) oxide, arsenicum album © Amphoteric oxide © Used as a wood preservative ‘© Primary standard in titimetric analysis ‘© Trisenox — used as treatment for leukemia thats not responsive to first ine agents-> Induces cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, ‘ANTIMONY, Sb © *Stbium’ Antimony glance 2 Mostimportant source of antimony a SbaSs 2 Red-orange in color ‘© Pharmacologic action of water-soluble compounds: Astringent Emetic Expectorant Anthelmintc ‘© \Vs. vermifuge-> only expels worms ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE, CxHiK2O1eSb23H:O * Tartar emetic Brown mixture o Emetic Expectorant co Fortteatment of schistosomiasis Iver fuke) Schistosoma japonicum->requites 2 hosts: snails and humans INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW BISMUTH, Bi “beautiful meadow Astringent Antiseptic Protectant ‘Bismuth compounds are poisonous Cause black stools — combination with sulfide ion Antidote: Dimercaprol BISMUTH SUBNITRATE, Bi(OH),NOs Used as antacid, with astringent and antiseptic properties, BISMUTH HYDROXIDE, Bi(OH)s Mik of Bismuth-> bismuth hydroxide and bismuth subcarbonate in suspension in water © Prepared from Bismuth subnitrate, nic acid, ammonium carbonate, strong ammonia solution, and purified water © Internal protective for gastric ulcers © Bismuth salts inhibit growth of H. pylori BISMUTH CITRATE Colloidal bismuth subciirate used in x of PUD BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE BISMUTH SUBGALLATE BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE (“PINK BISMUTH") . ‘Active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate Ant-infammatory, bactericidal, antacid ‘Bismuth Subsalicylate Magma Insulin-mimetic effect (vanadate, vanady/ on, coordination compounds) Drawback toxicity ofthe metal GROUP VB (5) Unaffected by body ids > inet ‘Sheet form -> surgical repair of bones GROUP VIA (16): CHALCOGENS (OXYGEN FAMILY) OXYGEN, O Dephlogisticated air, Empyreal air, “Yne" Exists a3 a diatomic molecule under ordinary conitions Consists of 1/5 of air, by weight (in free form)© Consists of 7/8, by weight, of water and in minerals (in combined state) © Obtaned industrially by fractional distillation of quid ir © Three allotropes: © Nascent->[0] © Atmospheric! molecular-02 © Oz0ne->03 ‘© Employed as a therapeutic gas in the treatment of conditions involving hypoxia ‘© Stored in GREEN containers © Veryactve chemically © Combines directly with elements except Hg, Ag, Auand members of the Pt family Second most electronegaive element (vs. fluorine) Oxides (2 oxidation state) © Metalic © Nonmetalic © Amphoteric HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, H202 © Oxidation state of oxygen is-1 © Good oxidizing and reducing agent ‘© Puresolutions are stable © Commercial solutions are stabilized by acetanilide and addition of acid e.g. HePO.) ‘© Commonly available in 3% anc 6% solution Reagent: 30% solution + 30% Solution © Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrate, USP 0 _ Disinfectant, powerful oxidant © 3% Solution (10-volume solution) © Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution, USP © Antiseptic (oxidizing germicide) © 6% Solution (20-volume solution) © Hair bleach _Horfyonen.Pernyis in anhvdenug purer. 896) © Urea Peroxide in anhydrous glycerin (4-10%) ‘© Carbamide Peroxide Topical Solution © More preferred for treatment of oral and ear infections ZINC PEROXIDE AND SODIUM PERBORATE ‘© Former official compounds OZONE, Os ‘© Powerful oxidizing agent-> Disinfectant, bleach (industrial) PURDUE EE SILLS SULFUR, $ © Brimstone, Shulbari (Sanskrit enemy of copper), Asupre ‘© Several allotrapes © Atroom temp. @-Sulfur (chombic sulfur is stable INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW © Atequitrium point (260): B-Sulfur (monoctinie sufur) becomes the stable form © Occurs in free state and in combination, mainly as sulfides and sulfates © Constitutes 0.05% ofthe crus of the Earth Pharmaceutical Sulfur PRECIPITATED ‘SUBLIMED SULFUR | WASHED SULFUR SULFUR Mik of Sufur, Lac | Flowers of Sur sulfur Made by oling Sulfur Made by teating with Lime and ‘Sublimed Sutfur with precipitating the ‘Ammonia to dissolve filtered solution with impurities, particularly HCI arsenic and to remove traces of acid Very fine, pale Fine, yellow, Fine, yellow crystaline yellow, amorphous or | crystalline powder, | powder, wit faint odor rmicrocrystaline with faintodor and | and taste powder, sdoriess and | taste tasteless Readily dissolves in| Siowly ard usually | Siowiy and usually carbon disulfide incompletely incompletely soluble soluble in carbon | in carbon disulfide disulfide Used in ciniments | Usedas cathartic and lotions © Used as scabicide — fungicidal acon © Keratolytic effect © stimulant cathartic © Stimulates hair growth © Depilatory - as thioglycolate © Fumigant—$0z ‘© Antisebortheic agent ~ as SeS2 ‘© Pharmaceutically relevant chemical forms: © Sulfide (-2 oxidation state)-> Hydrogen sulfide and soluble sulfides react readily with finely divided sulfur to produce polysulfides, Sx? © Sulfite (+4 oxidation state) © Sulfate (+6 oxidation state SULFUR OINTMENT ‘© Prepared from precipitated sulfur, mineral oil and White Ointment © 10% Sulfur SULFURATED LIME © Vierinckx’s Solution SULFURATED POTASH © Liverof Suttur© Consist mainly of polysude,thuisulfate and sulfate © Prepared by careful heating ofa solution of potassium carbonate and sublimed sulfur * Used inthe form of ftions ointments, and aqueous solutions for treatment of psoriasis © Also has antiparasitic activity WHITE LOTION ‘Prepared from Sufurated Potash and Zine sulfate Astringent and protective SELENIUM SULFIDE, SeS2 ‘© SeSzand SeSz Lotion (Selsun Blue) ‘© 2.5% suspension used forthe topical treatment of seborrheic dermatitis © Hands should be washed off ~ Se is toxic © Should nat come in contact in eyes and mouth © Cadmium Suffde, in the past, was also used for this purpose SULFUR DIOXIDE, SO: © Acid annydride of sufurous acid © Oxyacid sultrous acid ‘© Used pharmaceutically 2s antioxidant and preservative SODIUM METABISULFITE, Na,S:Os ‘© Obtained when sodium bisulte is crystalized on an atmosphere of sulfur dioxide ‘* Forms bisufite upon cissolving in water ‘© Should be used when sodium bisulfite is specified © Antioxidant SODIUM THIOSULFATE, NazS:03 ‘© Prepared from sulfur reacing with suite ions ‘© Antidote for cyanide poisoning ‘© Analytical reagent for determination of iodine ‘SODIUM SULFATE, NazSOz © Saline cathartic SELENIUM, Se © Selena-> moon ‘* Toxic > Prolonged contact with skin causes contact dermatitis ‘© Important trace element ‘© Absorbed very slowly on the skin Promotes absorption of Vitamin E GROUP VIB (6) ‘© Chromium and Molybdenum-> Important trace elements INORGANIG PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW CHROMIUM, Cr Glucose Tolerance Factor © Essential trace element ‘© Deficiency symptoms are similar to that of DM © Forms © Hexavalent Chromium, Cré= © Toxic © Dichromate+ strong oxidizing agent Primary standard - Sodium Thiosutfate VS © Chromate precipitant © Trvalent Chromium, Cr°= CHROMIC CHLORIDE AND CHROMIC CHLORIDE INJECTION CHROMIUM PICOLINATE ‘MOLYBDENUM, Mo © Essential trace element ‘© Cofactor for enzymes associated with flavin-dependent enzymes ‘© Cofactor for Xanthine Oxidase ‘© Important for bacterial fixation of atmospheric oxygen ‘MOLYBDENUM OXIDE, MoO © with ferrous sutfate > nematinic © Radioactive element Discovered by Becquerel © Never employed in medicine as such Used in atomic reactors and atomic bombs GROUP VIIA (17): HALOGENS ‘© Halogen = Sea-salt producer FLUORINE, F2 © Most electronegative element © Strongest oxidizing agent SODIUM FLUORIDE, NaF ‘© Sodium Fluoride Tablets; Oral Solution ‘© Sodium Fluoride and Phosphoric Acid Gel © Sodium Fluoride and Phosphoric Acid Topical Solution Also used in the treatment of osteoporosis © Excess fluoride in adutts: © Weakening of bones co Adverse effects on the kidney © Lowi(© Suppressive effect on thyroid, particularly when iodine is deficient © Excess fluoride in children-> dental fuorosis, STANNOUS FLUORIDE, SnF2 © easily ai-oxidized © Stannous Fluoride Gel SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE © Anticarogenic agent added in dentiices CHLORINE, Cl © Dephlogisticated muratc acid © Chlorine is used as a water disinfectant ‘© Cr ->principal extracellular cation CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS © Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCLF2 © Freon © Refrigerant; aerosol propellant © Implicated in ozone layer depletion HYDROCHLORIC ACID, HCI ‘© Indiluted torm-> treatment for gastric achlontnycria © present in gastic juice ‘* Pepsinogen is secreted by chef cells, which is activated by HCI secreted by parietal calls, to pepsin ‘© Diluted Hycrochioric Acid i ofcial — 10% wiv solution SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, NaOC! Bleaching agent © Disinfectant ‘* Sodium Hypochlorite Solution (Dakin's Solution) Effective germicide,vrcde, and deodorant Strong oxidizing agent + Sodium Hypochlorite Topical Solution 0.025% NaCI, pH 8 (close to 7.4), buffered with phosphate allows tissues to regenerate — healing of burns Antiviral and antimicrobial BROMINE, Br: ‘© Dark, reddish brown fuming quid with suffocating odor ‘© Powerful caustic and germicide ‘* Mainly used as a chemical reagent © Poisoning: Bromism © Skin eruption Headache Weakness Psychosis NaCl and Ammonium Chloride INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW Bromine TS © Bromine Water->1% Bromine in water Bromine VS ‘© Koppeschaar’s Solution © 0.1 NBromine VS © Components © Br-- intemally acts a5 a Sedative (depressant) © Three Bromides Elkit IODINE, Iz ‘© Heaviest nonmetallic element © Easily undergoes sublimation, giving off violet vapor © Solid with metallic sheen © Poisonous Antidote: Starch solution Expectorant Antiseptic © Essential trace element necessary for synthesis of Ts and Ts hormones Ty triiodothyronine - more active Ta thyroxine - more numerous Toxicity: lodism Deficiency state: Simple Goiter ‘© Dangerous for pregnant women — cretiism Prevention: iodized salt Jodine Preparations Strong lodine Tincture 715%, KI Strong lodine Lugol’s Solution oe Kl Solution lodine Tincture 2%, Nal Iodine Solutl 2%, Nal Jodophors ‘+ Iodine complexed with an organic complexing agent as solubilizer ‘© Povidone lodine (Betadine) ae 0.1% gel 1% douche 0.5% aerosol spray 0.75% skin cleanser 0.75% surgical scrubs 1% solution 1% ointment Intravaginal Topical + Advantages: © Reduced intationReduced oral tox Lack of staining potential, Low incidence of idiosyncratic reactions ‘Siow release ofodine Stability, virtually 0 vapor pressure of lp Phenolated iodine solution-> Boutton's solution ‘The only metalic and radioactive halogen GROUP VIB (7) ‘MANGANESE AND MANGANESE COMPOUNDS ‘MANGANESE, Mn © Essential trace element ‘© Cofactor involved in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, fatty acid, ‘and cholesterol synthesis ‘© Toxicity: similar to Parkinsonism © Muscle tremors, POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, KMnO. © Mineral chameleon Strong oxidizing agent © Antiseptic © Drawback: staining of skin © “technetos” artificial ‘© First element produced atfcially GROUP VIIA (18) De er ‘Second lightest gas Inhalation of pure helium produces Donald Duck -ike sound ‘Component of Artificial Ait BROWN container 80% He and 20% O2 © Most abundant noble gas ‘Substitute for nitrogen as inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals Least abundant noble gas © Inhalational anesthesia, also Xenon © “Niton” ORANG PHARUACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW al ‘© Used forthe treatment of certain types of cancers. ‘GROUP VIIIB (8): IRON TRIAD © First Tad: Fe, Co, Ni © Second Triad: Rh, Ru, Po © Third Triad: Os, Ir Pt IRON, Fe © *Ferum’ © Common ores 0 Hematite (Fe:03) © Pyite!*Fool's Gold’ (FeS2) Iron stone FeCOs ‘© Exists in two oxidation states 2 Fe aqueous solutions are green in color Fe aqueous solutions are yellow to orange to brown in calor * Inthe boay: 2 Hemogiobin-piron in blood _Transferrin-> Transport form of ron in the body © Fetriin-> Storage form of ron inthe body @ Hematinic - In +2 oxidation state ‘© For correction of microcytic hypachromic anemia (ron deficiency anemia) Toxicity 2 Cardiac collapse © Gldistress Black stools FERROUS SULFATE, FeSQs7H:0 © Green vitriol FERROUS GLUCONATE © Fergon ‘© Produces less gastric imitation compared to Ferrous Sulfate FERROUS FUMARATE “re ARGOS canwonase, recus © Chalybeate Pills * Blaud’s Pills © Ferruginous Pils IRON + AMMONIUM ACETATE + Basham’s Mixture 2 Astringent StypticFERRIC CHLORIDE, FeCls Astringent © styptc ‘© Test for presence of tannins FERRIC SUBSULFATE SOLUTION ‘* Monset's Solution © Basie ferric sulfate solution + Prepared from ferrous sulfate and nitric and sulfuric acids © Used as styptic (nemostatic agent) FERROUS FERRICYANIDE © Tumbulls Blue FERRIC FERROCYANIDE © Prussian Blue COBALT, Co © Development of erythrocytes and hemoglobin © AS Co* central metal ion in Vit. Bio (Cyanocobalamin) © Permanent magnets ‘© Used on the manufacture of beers © Enhances foam quality COBALTOUS, Coch; © Lovers Ink ‘© Sympathetic Ink-> Used as indicator in silica gel beads © pink-> wet © blue blue ‘NICKEL, Ni © Old Nick's Copper Found in fossil fuel combustion Fancy jewelries ‘Nickel itch — contact dermattis ‘© Exists in +2 oxidation state evelopment of erythrocytes and hhemagiobin © Tonic NICKEL SULFATE, NiSOs © Tonic © Parasiticide Ru completes are investigated for is anteancer properties INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [JF] catalyst in organic reactions ‘© Heaviest and most dense metal © Osmium Tettoxide, Osmic Acid ‘© Staining of specimens for electron microscopy Catalyst in organic reactions Production of crucibles and wires ‘© Cisplatin -> prostate cancer * Cis-tiamminedichloroplatinum FLAME TEST ae rae Cobalt Perse pollen ; "e vwllow ‘ Violet Eximson ti Carmine red | Purple ca bricked | Ught green sr Crimson Purple fa Yellowish green | _Bluish green Borate, Cu, TI, P Green Pb,As,$8,Bi,cu Blue Yellow ANION GROUP Cues Ee BaCl, / HNO, 1 B51 Pot /~ Noppt /- NOs,Sy,0RC —Ag,Sppt/+ No pat /~ Others no ppt / - I:50,2,¢0,2, White ppt/+ White ppt/+ ©,0,* 1:00, A502, Poet roel cro. VeNo,; co Nopot/- —NoPst /- visoy! Nopet/-__whiteppt/+ hel dS Pb, Hg gt DIIHCI * Ii: As/Sb, Sn, Acid, H,5 Bi, Hg,?!, Cue, x ‘DIHCI ce Neut/base, (NHS ise, Mi balk cia Neut/base, (NH,},5 A, Ni, Ca? base, (NAYS ac HS IV: 8, Ca, St DilHCl Acid, NHgCl HS (WHds ‘ Mi Na, Ky we ALSILVER HALIDES ‘* Siver halides are light sensitive >> they easy darken upon exposure to light + Silver halides have a characteristic curdy appearance ‘+ Allsiver halides are insoluble in dl. Nic acid solution ‘© AgCI—white curdy ppt soluble in diluted ammonia solution ‘© AgBr light yetow curdy ppt partaly solube in diluted ammonia solution ‘© Aglyellow curdy pot insoluble in diutec' ammonia solution ACTIVITY SERIES ‘Useful for predicting displacement reactions © Fornon-metals: FisChoBrol: © For metals © Metals located above hydrogen can displace hydrogen gas from acids (© Metals located above the series are more active and can displace salts of metals from solutions (© Metals located below the series are easily reduced into their metalic states 4 a React with water Poteosium Sodium Lithium Catcium T Magnesium very reactive React with acids Aluminium zing Iron Tin Lead + with ‘caygen Copper Mercury, silver very unreactive INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW 2. With sodium tydroxide TS or sodium sulphide TS-> aluminum hhydroxide (white gelatinous precipitate soluble in excess of the reagent) AMMONIUM 41, Add excess 1N sodium hydroxide and warm-> ammonia {pungent odor, vapour turns red litmus to blue) ANTIMONY 1. Acicity with hydrochloric acid, add hydrogen sulphide -> antimony sulphide (orange precipitate, insoluble in 6N ‘ammonium hydroxide, soluble in ammonium sulphide TS) 2. Neutral pH then ad ferric chloride ferric acetate (blood red solution, destroyed by addition of mineral acids) BARIUM 1. With 2N sulphuric acid-> barium sutate (white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric or nitric acid) 2. Yellowish green color to a noniuminous flame, blue through green glass BENZOATE 1. Neutral pH, add ferric chloride TS-> feric benzoate (salmon- colored preciptate) 2. In concentrated solutions, add 2N sulphuric acid-> benzoic ‘acid (white precipitate, soluble in ethyl ether) BICARBONATE 1, Add acids->C02 (effervescence, gives white precipitate upon addition of calcium hydroxide TS) 2. Add drops of phenolphthalein TS-> (no color formation) BISMUTH Gold source: www sjesci wikispaces. com 1. Warm with cone sulphuric acid and 96% ethanol-> ethyl acetate (plastic balloon, fruity odor) 2. Neutralize solution then add ferric chloride T$-> ferric acetate {blood red solution, destroyed by addition of mineral acids) ALUMINUM 1, With 6N ammonium hydroxide — aluminum hydroxide (white elatnous precipitate insoluble in excess ofthe reagent) 1 Dissolve in light excess nitric or hydrochloric acid then dilute with water-> bismuth hydroxide (white precipitate colored brown by hydrogen sulphide, the resulting compound dissolves in warm mivture of equal pats of nitric acié and water) drops of polyvinyl alcohol solution(1 in 50) -> (intense blue color} 2. Add suiphure acid, add methanol, ignite (green-bordered flame) BROMIDE 1. Add chloroform, then chlorine TS dropwise, shake bromine (ted to reddish brown ower organic layer)2. With siver nitrate TS-> siver bromide (yellowish white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, slightly soluble in 6N. ‘ammonium hyciroxie) CALCIUM 4, 2drops methyl red TS, neutralize with 6N ammonium hystoxide, add SN hydrochloric acid until solution is pink, add ‘ammonium oxalate TS-> calcium oxalate (white precipitate, insoluble in 6N acetic acid, soluble in hydrochloric acid) 2. _Acidified solution-> transient yellowish red color to ronluminous flame CARBONATE 3. Add acids-COs (effervescence, gives white precipitate upon ‘addition of calcium hydroxide TS) 4, Add drops of phenolphthalein TS-> (fuschia pink solution) CHLORATE 1. Add silver nitrate->no precipitate 2. Add sulphurous acid -> white precipitate insoluble in nitric ‘acid, Soluble in 6N ammonium hydroxide 3. ignition >chlorides (forms white precipitate with siver nitrate 7S, insoluble in itric acid, soluble in ammonium hydroxide) 4, Add sulphuric acid to cry sample-> decrepitaton, greenish yellowish gas CHLORIDE 1. To-sample solution Add silver nitrate TS siver chloride: (white curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, soluble in sight excess of 6N ammonium hydroxide) 2. Todry salts, add equal weight manganese dioxide moisten, with sulphuric acid, gently heat-> chlorine gas (tums starch iodide paper to blue) CITRATE 1. Add a few mg of dry salt to 15 mi pyridine, cissolve or suspend in4 mi water, shake then add Sml acetic antydride then shake-> ight red color COBALT 1. Add 3N hydrochloric acd, heat on steam bath wth equal volume nitroso-2-naphtnal in SN acetic acd-> red precipitate 2. Sample solution, saturate with potassium chloride, add potassium nitrite and acetic acid-> potassium cobaltntite (yellow precipitate) COPPER 41. Acicity with hydrochloric acid, metalic iron-> copper metal (red film on surface of ron} 2. Excess 6N ammonium hydroxide-> deep blue solution INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW 3. With potassium ferrocyanide TS-> cupric ferrocyanide (reddish brown precipitate, insoluble in dilute acids) HYPOPHOSPHITE 1. strong heating-> phosphine (flammable gas) 2. with mercuric chloride TS-> mercurous chloride become metallic mercury with excess hypophosphite (white precipitate tums gray) 3. with sulphuric acid and cupric sulphate TS-> cuprous oxide (edsish brown precipitate, insoluble in dted acids) IRON 1, Ferrous or ferric solution with ammonium sulphide TS-> ferrous or feric sulphide (black precipitate, soluble in 3N hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide) Ferric Salts 4. Acid solutions with potassium ferrocyanide TS-> ferric ferrocyanide (dark blue gelatinous precipitate) 2. With 1N sodium hydroxide-> ferric hydroxide (redeish brown gelatinous precipitate) 3. With ammonium thiocyante TS-> ferric thiocyanate (deep red colored solution, cannot be destroyed wit dilute mineral acids) Ferrous Salts 1. with potassium ferricyanide TS-> ferrous ferricyanide (dark blue gelatinous precipitate, insoluble in 3N inydrochloric acid, soluble in 1 N sodium hydroxide) 2. With 1N sodium hydroxide-> ferrous hydroxide (green-white gelatinous precipitate turns brown upon shaking) LACTATE 1. Acidtfed with sulphuric acid, add potassium permanganate, heat-> acetaldehyde (fter paper moistened with 20% ‘morpholine and sodium nitroerricyanide TS tums blue) LEAD 1. With 21N sulphuric acid-slead sulphate (white precipitate, insoluble in 3N hydrochloric or 2N nitric ac, soluble in 1N \warm sodium hydroxide or ammonium acetate TS) 2. With potassium chromate TS-> lead chromate (yetlow precipitate, insoluble in 6N acetic acid but is soluble in 1N sodium hydroxide) UTHIUM 1. With sodium carbonate TS and made alkaline with sodium hystoxide-> lithium carbonate (white precipitate on boiling, ‘soluble in ammonium chloride TS) Rendered acidic then nonluminous flame-> red colored flame 2.N sulphuric acid-> no precipitation MAGNESIUM1. With ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, dibasic sodium phosphate TS->magnesium ammonium phosphate (white crystaline precipitate, insoluble in 6N ammonium hyctoxide. MANGANESE 1. With ammonium sulphide TS-ymanganese sulphide (salmon- colored precipitate, soluble in acetic acid) MERCURY 1. Salt solutions, metalic copper is added-> metallic mercury (deposits with sivery appearance) 2. With hydrogen suiphide-> mercuricimercurous sulphide (black precipitate, insoluble in ammonium sulphide TS and in boiling with 2N nitric cia Mercuric Salts 4. With 1N sodium hyroxide ->mercurc oxide (yellow precipitate) 2. With potassium iodide TS-> potassium mercuric iodide (scarlet precipitate, soluble in excess reagent) Mercurous Salts 4. With 1N sodium hydroxide black precipitate 2. With hydrochloric acid->mercurous chloride (white precipitate, blackened by 6N ammonium hydroxide) 3. With potassium iodide TS-> potassium mercurous iodide (yelow precipitate, turns green upon standing) NITRATE 41. With equal volume sulfuric acid, cooled, add ferrous sulfate->brown colors produced at the junction of 2 liquids 2. When heated with sulphuric acid and metalic copper-> brownish-ted fumes 3. Cannot decolorize potassium permanganate NOTRITE. 1. With dilute mineral acid or with 6N acetic acid-> brownish-ted fumes 2. With starch-iodide paper tums paper blue OXALATE 41. Neutral or alkaline solutions with calcium chloride TS-Scalcium ‘oxalate (white precipitate, insoluble in 6N acetic acid but dissolved by hydrochioric acid) 2. Hot accfied solution, add permanganate-> decolrization PERMANGANATE 1. When acidified with sulphuric acd is decolorized by hydragen peroxide TS, sodium bisulfte TS, in the cold, and by oxalic, ‘acid, in hot solution INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW a PEROXIDE 41. Slightly acidifed with sulphuric acid, add ether, add potassium dichromate TS-> deep blue solution that is more soluble in the ether layer PHOSPHATE 41. With siver nitrte->siver phosphate (yellow precipitate, soluble in 2N nitric acid an in 6N ammonium hydroxide) 2. Acdified solutions with ammonium molybdate->ammonium phosphomolybdate (yellow preciptate soluble in 2N nitric acid and in 6 N ammonium hydroxide POTASSIUM 41. _ impart violet colo in nonluminous flame 2. Neutral or moderately concentrated solutions, with sodium bitartrate TS->whte crystaline precipitate soluble in 6N ‘ammonium hydroxide and solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates, hastened by adaition of glacial acetic acid or ethanol) SALICYLATE 1. With ferric chioride TS->terric salicylate (violet solution) 2. Moderately concentrated solutions with addition of ‘acids salicylic acid (white crystaline precipitate) SILVER 41. With hydrochloric acid->siver chloride (white curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid but soluble in 6 N ammonium hydroxide) 2. With 6N ammonium hydroxide and formaldeyhde-> siver ‘itor upon warming sopiuM 1, Toa 2ml solution, add 2mi 19% potassium carbonate and heat to boing, then add potassium pyroantimonate TS then boil white precipitate 2. Impart persistent yellow color to nonluminous flame SULFATE 1. With barium chloride TS barium sulphate (white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid) 2. With lead acetate TS->lead sulphate(white precipitate soluble in ammonium acetate TS) 3. With nydrochioricacid->no precipitation (distinction from thiosulfates) SULFITE 41. With 3N hydrochloric acid->sulur dioxide(blackensfiter paper moistened with mercurous nitrate TS TARTRATEINORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW [ip} 1. Fewmg of the sample salt to 2 drops of sodium metaperiodate ‘solution (1 in 20), 1 drop 1N sulphuric acid, then sulphurous ‘acd, then few drops fuchsin-sulturous acid TS reddish pink color THIOCYANATE 41. With feric chloride TS ferric thiocyanate(red colored ‘solution, rot dlecolorized by concentrated mineral acids) THIOSULFATE 1. With hydrochloric acid-> white precipitate that tums yellow and sulphur dioxide blackens fiter paper moistened with mercurous nitrate TS ZINC 1. With sodium acetate and hycrogen sulfide->zinc sulphide {white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid, but dissolved by 3N hhydrochioric acid) 2. With ammonium sulfde-> zine sulphide (white precipitate, neutral medium) 3. With potassium ferrocyanide TS zinc ferracyanide (white precipitate, insoluble in 3 N Hydrochloric acd)