Electron

Structure of
the Atom:
Electron
Configuratio
n
7-1

Rxn with
O2, CO2

Such
as

Density,
MP, BP,
polarity

Chemic
al
Proper
ty

Such
as

Physic
al
prope
rty

Solid
Can be
describe
d by
KMT

Can be converted
through melting
into

Liqui
Candbe converted
through evaporation
into

Gas

Can
Can be
undergo
characteriz changes
ed by
such as

MATT
ER
Can be
in
different
states
such as

Can be
classifie
d into

Chemi
cal
Chang
e

Such

Physic
al
Chang
e

as

Formation
of H2O,
H2, O2

Suc
h

Filtration,
diffusion

as

eleme
nts

Can combine
chemically into

compou
nds
mixture

Can
combine
physically
into

Atomic Structural Theories: Thomson

Thomson plum pudding model

Atomic Structural Theories: Rutherford

Rutherford nuclear model

Atomic Atomic Structural

Theories: Bohr
el Bohr - planetary model

7-5

Atomic Structural Theories: Quantum

Model

The Big Question

How is the electron
configuration of an atom
written?

7-7

Introductory Experiment
Animation: fireworks

7-8

Orbital Diagrams
Orbital diagrams
Show the sublevels and orbitals that can exist
at each principal energy level.
Each box represents an orbital.
Groups of boxes represent sublevels.

Figure 7.17

7-9

Orbital Diagram: Hydrogen Atom

In the hydrogen atom only, the sublevels within
a principal energy level all have the same
energy.

Each box represents an orbita

7-10

Orbital Diagram: Multielectron Atom

In multielectron
atoms, the
sublevels within a
principal energy
level have different
energies.
Sublevels within a
principal energy
level split so that
s<p< d<f
Figure
7.18

7-11

Orbital Diagram Rules

Two principles and one rule determine
how the electrons are filled in the
principal energy levels and sublevels.
Electrons are always filled in their
ground state, or lowest energy state.

7-12

Orbital Diagram Rules

Aufbau principle:
Electrons fill orbitals starting with the
lowest-energy orbitals.
Pauli exclusion principle:
A maximum of two electrons can
occupy each orbital, and they must
have opposite spins.
Hunds rule:
Electrons are distributed into orbitals
of identical energy (same sublevel)
in such a way as to give the
7-13

Orbital Diagrams

Electron
s are
represen
ted by
up and
down
arrows.

7-14

Orbital Diagrams
Electrons occupy the lowest-energy
orbitals first (aufbau principle).
No more than two electrons occupy
each orbital (Pauli exclusion principle).

Two electrons in the

same orbital must
have opposite spins,
represented by the up
and down arrows.
7-15

Orbital Diagram: Helium

7-16

Orbital Diagram: Lithium

7-17

Orbital Diagram: Boron

7-18

Orbital Diagram: Carbon

Why do the electrons in the p
sublevel occupy separate orbitals?
It takes a little bit
of energy to pair
up electrons, so
single electrons
occupy different
orbitals of the
same energy
(Hunds Rule)
7-19

Orbital Diagram: Carbon

7-20

Electron Configurations
Shorthand notation which shows the
distribution of electrons among sublevels

7-21

Electron Configurations
Electron
configurations:
Allow us to
represent the
arrangement of
the electrons in
an atom.

7-22

Electron Configuration

7-23

Electron
Configurations
For
elements in
periods 1
and 2:

Figure 7.19
7-24

Problem
Use an orbital diagram
to write the electron
configuration for
silicon:

Figure 7.18

7-25

Pneumonic device for electron

configurations
The
periodic
table
provides a
simpler
device for
figuring out
electron
configurati
ons.
7-26

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

Consider the alkali metals:
Li
Na
K
Rb

1s22s1
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1

Can you see a pattern? Consider some

more examples and look for patterns.
7-27

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

Consider the alkaline earth metals:
Be
1s22s2
Mg 1s22s22p63s2
Ca
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Sr
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2

7-28

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

Consider a few of the halogens:
F
Cl
Br

1s22s22p5
1s22s22p63s23p5
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

7-29

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

Consider some of the noble gases:
Ne
Ar
Kr

1s22s22p6
1s22s22p63s23p6
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6

7-30

Conclusion

Electron configuration
and
periodic table placement?

7-31

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

Notice that the number of columns
in the s, p, d, and f blocks is the
same as the number of electrons
allowed in each sublevel.
This allows us to use the periodic
table to write electron
configurations without the aid of an
orbital diagram.
7-32

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

The periodic table can be used to fill
orbital diagrams or to find electron
configurations.

Figure 7.20

7-33

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

The principal energy level number, the
number that comes before the sublevel
letter designation, is the same as the
period number for the s and p sublevels.

For the d sublevels, the principal energy

level number is one less than the period
number. Why?
7-34

7-35

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

The relation between orbital filling and the
periodic table

7-36

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

Figure
7.21

7-37

Problem: electron configuration

for phosphorus

7-38

Problem: electron configuration for

phosphorus

Orbital Diagram: Carbon

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2

7-39

Write the electron configuration for

manganese:

Figure
7.22

7-40

Problem: electron configuration for

manganese

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
5
3d
2

2 Orbital Diagram:
6
2
Carbon

7-41

Worksheet #2-1
Electron Configuration I:
Draw the electron configuration
(long form) of the following
elements just by looking at the
periodic table.
Na
S Eu
Ba
F
Ga
Ar
Sn
Pb
Mo
U
7-42

Condensed Electron Configurations

Abbreviated electron configurations are often used for
elements with many electrons.
Notice that irons electron configuration starts out with
argons electron configuration, but ends differently:

Fe 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6
We use the symbol [Ar] to represent argons electron
configuration:

Fe [Ar] 4s23d6
7-43

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

7-44

Periodicity of Electron Configurations

7-45

Figure 7.23

7-46

Worksheet #2- 2
Electron Configuration II:
Draw the electron configuration
(condensed form) of the following
elements just by looking at the
periodic table.
Na
S
Eu
Ba
F
Ga
Ar
Sn
Pb
Mo
U

Valence Electrons for the Main-Group

Elements
The last filled principal energy level is
called the valence level, or valence shell.
The valence level contains electrons that
are highest in energy and occupy orbitals
that extend further from the nucleus than
those in the lower levels.
Valence electrons occupy orbitals in the
valence level. All the other electrons are
called core electrons, or inner electrons.
7-48

Sample Problem: Valence Electrons

How many valence electrons in
bromine?
Br

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

Bromine has 7 valence electrons (4s and 4p).

7-49

Sample Problem : Valence Electrons

How many valence electrons in
Calcium?

Ca
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Calcium has 2 valence electrons (4s).

7-50

Sample Problem: Valence Electrons

Determine the number of valence
electrons in each of the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

F
Li
Na
C
Si
Pb

7
1
1
4
4
4

7-51

Conclusion

Electronic configuration?
Valence electron?
Family Number?

7-52

Conclusion
The valence electrons of family A
elements are the same as the
family number. They can be seen in
the outer most energy levels in the
electron configuration of the
element.
The same is not true for family B
elements.

Electron Configurations for Ions

In atoms, the number of electrons is equal
to the number of protons, which is the
atomic number.
In ions, the number of electrons does not
equal the atomic number. We must add or
subtract electrons, depending on whether
the ion is an anion or cation.

7-54

Electron Configurations for Ions

Write the electron configuration for Na+:
Na = 1s22s22p63s1
Na+ has a positive charge of 1; therefore, we
need to subtract 1 electron from the total
number of electrons, 11.
Na+ has 10 electrons and is iso-electronic

with Ne.
1s22s22p6
7-55

Electron Configurations for Ions

Write the electron configuration for Cl-:
Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p5
Cl- has a negative charge of 1; therefore, we
need to add 1 electron from the total
number of electrons, 17.
Cl- has 18 electrons and is iso-electronic

with Ar.
1s22s22p63s23p6
7-56

Worksheet #2-3
Electron Configuration of Ions:
Write the electron configuration in condensed notation of the following
ions.

Ion

BrN3K+
Sr2+
S2P3Ni2+
Al3+
Fe2+
Fe3+

Electron
Electron
Isoelectron
configuration
configuration of
ic with
(condensed form) of
the ion
the neutral atom
(condensed form)

7-57

Conclusion

Electron configuration of ions?

Family number?
Isoelectronic with?

7-58

Conclusion
Family A atoms form ions so as to
have the same electron
configuration as a noble gas
element.
The charges of the ions formed can
be determined from the family
number of the element.

Conclusion

For family B metals, the electrons

lost in ion formation come from the
highest energy level filled (not the
d-electrons yet)

Quantum Numbers
Each electron has its own set of four
quantum numbers.
These quantum numbers describe the
location and the shape of the
electrons orbital.

Quantum Numbers
Quantum Numbers and Atomic
Orbitals
An atomic orbital is specified by four
quantum numbers.
n the principal quantum number - a positive
integer

l the angular momentum quantum number - an integer

from 0 to n-1

ml the magnetic moment quantum number - an integer

from -l to +l

ms the magnetic spin quantum number = -1/2 and + 1/2

Quantum Numbers
Summary of Quantum Numbers of Electrons in
Atoms
Name
principal

Symbo
l
n

Permitted
Property
Values
positive integers(1,2,3, orbital energy (size)
)
integers from 0 to n-1 orbital shape ( l = 0,
1, 2, and 3 correspond
to s, p, d, and f orbitals,
respectively.)

angular
momentu
m

magnetic

ml

integers from -l to 0 to orbital orientation

+l

spin

ms

+1/2 or -1/2

direction of e- spin

7-63

Quantum Numbers
Table 7.2 The Hierarchy of Quantum Numbers for Atomic
Orbitals
Name,
Symbol
Allowed
Quantum
(Property)
Values
Numbers
Principal, n
Positive
(size, energy) integer
(1, 2, 3, ...)
Angular
momentum, l
0 to n-1
(shape)

Magnetic, ml
-l,,0,,
(orientation) +l

0
-1 0 +1

-1 0 +1

-2

-1

0 +1 +2

Quantum Numbers
Where can you find Donna?
Donna lives in a dorm in a condominium unit. In
the dorm floor, there are male and female
sections per floor. Per room, there are two beds
only: one near the window, one not. If she is
asked, where EXACTLY she lives/sleeps, how
would she answer?
Prince David Condominium in Katipunan Ave
At the 3rd floor
Female section
Room 314
Bed near window
7-65

Quantum Numbers
Where can you find the electron?
The quantum mechanical model
uses a certain way to describe an
orbital. You can say you are asking
the question, Where does my
electron live/reside?
We use three quantum numbers to describe an
orbital. We add a fourth to pinpoint the
electron in that orbital

3.

Principal quantum no. (n)

Azimuthal or Angular Momentum quantum no. (l)
Magnetic quantum no. (ml)

4.

Spin quantum no. (ms)

1.
2.

7-66

Quantum Numbers
Prince David Condominium
in Katipunan Ave
At the 3rd floor

Female section

Room 314

Bed near window

The electron belongs to

Chlorine
At the 3rd energy level (n=3)

In the p-subshell (l=1)

In one of the three
degenerate orbitals
eg. ml= 0
Electron is spin-up
eg. ms= +1/2

7-67

Sample Problem
What are the quantum numbers of a 1s1
electron?
Answer:
n=1
l=0
ml = 0
ms = -1/2

Sample Problem
What are the quantum numbers of a 3p2
electron?
Answer:
n=3
l=1
ml = 0
ms = -1/2

Sample Problem
What are the quantum numbers of a 5d7
electron?
Answer:
n=5
l=2
ml = -1
ms = + 1/2

Worksheet #2-4
Electron Quantum Numbers:
Write the quantum numbers of the following electrons.
electrons

ml

ms

2s1
3p5
3d3
4d7
4f4

7-71

Summary of Electron Configuration Concepts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Long form
Condensed form
Ions, iso-electronic, family A and B element
Family Number/Period Number
Valence electrons
Quantum numbers

Points to Ponder..
Is there a proton configuration or a
neutron configuration? Why or why
not?
How do scientists synthesize new
elements?
What are the newest four elements
added to the periodic table?
Is there a limit to the number of
elements that scientists can
synthesize?