Electromagnetic Induction

Describes the principle of electromagnetic induction and

states its main applications
Explains how the following factors affect the induced
voltage:
flux density
number of turns in the coil
conductor/flux cutting rate
Explains Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
Explains Lenz's law
Explains in simple terms the principle of static induction,
to include mutual induction and self-induction

Electromagnetic
Induction
Electromagnetism
Magnetic effects introduced

by the flow of charge or current.

Flux density (B) A measure of the flux per unit
area perpendicular to a magnetic flux path. It is
measured in teslas (T) or webers per square
meter (Wb/m2).

Where:
B= Flux density(Teslas)
= Flux lines(Wb)
A= square meters (m2)

Electromagnetic
Induction
If
a coil of N turns is placed in the

region of a changing flux, a voltage will

be induced across the coil.

Where:
e= voltage(V)
N=number of turns(turns)
= instantaneous change in flux (Wb or
weber)

Electromagnetic
Induction
Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
States that an induced electromotive
force always gives ruse to a current
whose magnetic field opposes the
original change in the magnetic flux.

Lenz's law
States that any change in the magnetic
environment of a coil of wire will cause a
voltage to be induced in the coil.

Electromagnetic
Induction
Static
Induction

The charge acquired by a body inserted into an electric

field.

Mutual Induction
Mutual inductanceoccurs when the change in
current in one inductor induces a voltage in another
nearby inductor.

M=
Where:
M= mutual inductance (H)
k= coeffecient of coupling (unitless)
L1 and L2= inductance (H)

Electromagnetic
Induction
Self Induction
The ability of a coil to oppose any
change in current is a measure of the
self-inductance L of the coil.
Inductance is measured in henries (H)

Work, energy and power

Explains the difference between work, energy and
power, giving the units and symbols commonly used
States that Work= Current x Time x Voltage , giving
the units used
Makes simple calculations to determine energy and
work
Defines power, giving the units and symbols used
From the above objective, derives the expression
Power = Voltage x Current (P=I xV) , giving the units
used
Using the equations from above objectives, derives P
= I2R and P= V2/R

Work, energy and power

Work

the transfer of energy from one body to another.

Energy
Is the capacity of doing work.

Where:
W= work(J)
V= potential difference (V)
q= charge (C)

Work, energy and power

Work

Where:
V= voltage (V)
I= current (A)
t= time (s)

Work, energy and power

Power

A quantity of how much work can be done in a

specified amount of time
A rate of doing work.

Where:
P= Power (W or J/s)
I= Current (A)
V= Voltage (V)
R= Resistance ()

Work, energy and power

1. Determine the energy expended
moving a charge of 50 mC through a
potential difference of 6 V.
2. How much work is exerted when a
battery of 9V has a current of 3A in
20min.

Lightings
States that correct levels of lighting are vital to safety, efficiency and comfort
Describes the principle of the incandescent lamp
Explains the difference between lamps for general lighting and for rough
service
Describes briefly the principle, application and care when handling tungstenhalogen lamps
Explains the principle of discharge lamps
Explains how fluorescent tubes are started up
Explains how the power factor of fluorescent tubes is improved
Explains how radio interference is suppressed in a fluorescent tube
Explains the effect of variation in voltage on both incandescent and gasdischarge lamps
Explains how energy lights are marked
States which emergency lights are on the emergency switchboard system
and which lights may be on the battery circuit
Explains why the correct power of lamp should be used

Lightings
2 General Lamp Types
Incandescent
Discharge

Lightings
Incandescent Lamp
Most common lamp used for general
lightings is the simple filament types
shown in figure.

Lightings
- A current passes through the thin tungsten wire
filament which raises its temperature to around
3000 0C when its becomes incandescent.
- The gas bulb is filled with an inert gas such as
nitrogen or argon which helps to reduce
filament evaporation to allow an operating life
expectancy of about 1000 hours
- Lamp power ratings are available from 15W to
1000 W
- The ordinary filament lamp is called a GLS
(GENERAL LIGHTING SERVICE) Lamp.

Lightings
Tungsten Halogen Lamp
The popular variation of incandescent
lamp
It construct a gas-filled quartz tube or
bulb which also includes a halogen
vapor such as iodine or bromine.

Lightings
Two Types of Tungsten Halogen
Lamp
1. linear double-ended lamp (K class)
Life expectancy is 2000 hours

2. single-ended lamp (M class)

Lightings

Linear tungsten halogen lamp must be

used in horizontal position otherwise the
halogen vapor will concentrate at its lower
end which results in rapid blackening of the
tube and a reduced operating life.
- Both linear and bulb type are particularly
useful for display, floodlighting and
spotlighting.

Lightings
- Tungsten-halogen lamps must be carefully
handled when being fitted. If the outside
surface of the quartz tube or bulb is touched
with dirty or greasy hands, premature failure
can occur due to fine surface crack in the glass.
- Handle the tube by its end only or use a paper
sleeve over the lamp during fitting.
- If accidentally handled, the lamp glass may be
cleaned with a spirit solvent, carbon
tetrachloride or trichlorethylene.

Lightings
Discharge Lamp
The light output from a discharge lamp is
generated by the flow of current in an electric
arc between two electrodes through a gas and
metal vapor inside a sealed glass bulb or tube.
The two common metal vapor employed in
discharge lamps are:
- MERCURY (as used in a fluorescent
tube)
- SODIUM

Lightings
- Low and High pressure types of mercury and
sodium lamps are available.
- A suitable voltage applied between the electrodes
of a discharge lamp causes an arc discharge
throughout the gas.
- The discharge lamp current must be carefully
controlled to maintain the desired light output and
some form of current limiting ballast is required.
- This ballast is often iron-cored inductor (choke
coil)but special transformers and electronics
regulator ballast circuits are also used.

Lightings
MERCURY FLUORESCENT
These are manufactured as low pressure and high
pressure lamp types.
LOW PRESSURE MERCURY FLUORESCENT TYPE
-it is classified as an MCF lamp
(M = Mercury)
(C = Low Pressure)
(F = Fluorescent Coating)

Lightings
The inside surface of the glass tube
is coated with fluorescent phosphor
which emits white light.
Fluorescent tubes are available in
lengths from 150mm to 2400mm
with power ratings 4W to 125W

Lightings
HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY FLUORESCENT TYPE

- This type of lamp is coded as MBF

(M = Mercury)

(B = High Pressure)

(F = Fluorescent Coating)

Lightings
- An additional suffix to lamp codes may be /U or /V
meaning that lamp is designed for fitting in a
Universal or Vertical position respectively.
- The high pressure mercury lamp comes in sizes
ranging from 50 to 1000W and is fitted with Edison
Screw (ES) or Goliath Edison Screw) lamp caps.
- Its luminous efficiency is in the range of 40-60lm/W
with an average life of around 7500 hours.
- The lamp takes several minutes to reach full
brightness