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beams are structural members that support loads which

are applied transverse to their longitudinal axes.

They are assumed to be placed horizontally and

subjected to vertical loads.

The beams that span between adjacent columns are

called main beams or primary beams or girders.

The beams that transfer the floor loading to the main

beams are called secondary beams or joists.

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Floor beam:- a major beam of a floor system usually

supporting joists in buildings, a transverse beam in

bridge floor.
Girders:- in buildings, floor beams are called girders.
Joists:- a beam supporting floor construction but not a

major beam.
Purlins:- a roof beam, supported by roof truss.
Rafter:- a roof beam, usually supporting purlins.
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Lateral buckling of whole beam between supports.

Local buckling of flanges.
Longitudinal buckling of web.

As for as design is concerned the depth of beam is a

very important parameters. While a larger depth is
desirable for moment resistance, the resulting thin
web may not be able to resist lateral or web buckling.
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In the design of beam, two aspects are of prime

importance:
(a)Strength

requirement:- The beam has adequate

strength to resist the applied bending moments and

shear forces.
(b)Stability requirement:- the beam is safe against

buckling.

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The various failure modes of hot rolled beams are as

under:
Excessive bending
Lateral torsional buckling
Local buckling
Shear yielding of web
Local crushing of web
Buckling of thin flanges
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Influence of cross-sectional shape on lateral torsional

buckling
Effective length of beam

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Sr.
No.

Conditions of Restraint at supports

Loading Condition

Torsional resistant

Warping Restraint

Normal Destabilizing

Fully restrained

Both flanges fully restrained

0.70 L

0.85 L

Fully restrained

Compression flange fully

restrained

0.75 L

0.90 L

Fully restrained

Both flanges not fully restrained

0.80 L

0.95 L

Fully restrained

Compression flange partially

restrained

0.85 L

1.00 L

Fully restrained

Warping not restrained in both

flanges

1.00 L

1.20 L

Partially restrained
by bottom flange
support connection

Warping not restrained in both

flange

1.0 L + 2 D 1.2 L + 2 D

Partially restrained
by bottom flange
bearing support

Warping not restrained in both

flange

1.2 L + 2 D 1.4 L + 2 D

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(a) Strength of beam in flexure:

For plastic or compact sections

For semi- compact section

(b) Strength of beam in shear

(c) Shear lag effect
(d) Check for deflection

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1) Calculate factored design load.

2) Calculate maximum B.M. And S.F.
3) Obtain required plastic section modulus (Zp ).

4) Select suitable section (normally I-section) so that Zp provide

> Zp required.
5) Check for section classification as per IS : 800, table-5 , pg- 18.

For fy = 250 Mpa, = 1.

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 For rollet steel section,

flange,

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6) Check for susceptibility to shear buckling of web before yielding.

(IS : 800-2007, pg.- 59, cl.: 8.4.2)

7) Check for adequacy of section including self weight of beam.

8) Check for design shear strength of section IS: 800-2007, Pg.-59,

cl. : 8.4, 8.4.1

9) Check for design bending strength of section, as per IS : 800, Pg.-

53, cl.: 8.2.1.2

10) Check for shear lag effect, as per IS : 800-2007, Pg.-53, cl.:
8.2.1.5
11) Check for deflection as per table-6, Pg.- 31.
12) Check for web crippling.
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