Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Theory
Combining Constituents
Experimental
Data
CONSTITUENTS
COMPOSITE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT
Finite Element
Analysis
Micro
Mechanics
ELEMENTARY
STRUCTURE
E
y
E
x
Material Forms
Plane-Stress Assumption
Fiber-reinforced materials are utilized in
beams, plates, cylinders and other
structures
Typically one characteristic geometric
dimension is an order of magnitude less
than the other two
Three of the six components of stress are
generally much smaller than the other
three
4
Stress Transformation
cos2
1
sin2
2
sin cos
12
m2
T n2
mn
sin2
cos2
sin cos
n2
m2
mn
2 sin cos
2 sin cos
cos2 sin2
y
xy
2mn
2mn
m2 n2
Compliance Transformation
Equations
S11
x
y
S12
S12
xy
S16
S26
S66
S12
S22
S26
y
xy
Reduced Stiffness
Transformation
Q11
x
y
Q12
Q12
xy
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16
Q26
Q66
y
xy
Q11 Q 11 m4 2 Q 12 2 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 22 n4
Q12 Q 11 Q 22 4 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 12 n4 m4
Q16 Q 11 Q 12 2 Q 66 n m3 Q 12 Q 22 2 Q 66 n3 m
Q22 Q 11 n4 2 Q 12 2 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 22 m4
Q26 Q 11 Q 12 2 Q 66 n3 m Q 12 Q 22 2 Q 66 n m3
Q66 Q 11 Q 22 2 Q 12 2 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 66 n4 m4
Laminate Nomenclature
45 / 0 s
45 / 45 / 02 / 45 / 45 T
45 / 45 / 0 / 0 / 45 / 45 T
11
12
applied moments, M
distributed loads, q
inplane loads, N
point loads, P
13
14
Consequences of Kirchhoff
Hypothesis
15
w o
16
w x, y, z w o x, y
17
w x, y, z w o x, y
18
Strain-Displacement Relations
from Theory of Elasticity
x u
y v
y
z w
z
xy v
yz v
zx
u
w
z
y
w u
x
z
19
Laminate Strains
u x, y, z uo x, y
2 w o ( x , y)
x x, y, z
z
x
x
x 2
v x, y, z v o x, y
2 w o ( x , y)
y x, y, z
z
y
y
y 2
w x, y, z w o x, y
z x, y, z
0
z
z
w x, y, z v x, y, z w o x, y w o x, y
yz x, y, z
0
y
z
y
y
w x, y, z u x, y, z w o x, y w o x, y
xz x, y, z
0
x
z
x
x
v x, y, z u x, y, z v o x, y uo x, y
2 w o ( x , y)
xy x, y, z
2z
x
y
x
y
x y
20
21
Strain Notation
u o x , y
x, y
x
v o x , y
o
y x, y
y
o
o
x, y
v
x
,
y
u
oxy x, y
x
y
o
x
2 w o x, y
x, y
x 2
2 w o x, y
o
y x, y
y 2
2
o
x, y
w
oxy x, y 2
x y
o
x
22
yz x, y, z 0
xz x, y, z 0
xy x, y, z oxy x, y z oxy x, y
Laminate Stresses
Q11
Q12
y Q12
Q12
xy
Q22
Q26
Q16 ox z ox
o
o
Q26 y z y
Q66 oxy z oxy
24
25
26
27
28
29
Aluminum, x 3.33 m
o
-1
30
Definitions of Stress
Resultants
Stress in each ply varies through the
thickness
It is convenient to define stresses in terms
of equivalent forces acting at the middle
surface
Stresses at the edge can be broken into
increments and summed
The resulting integral is defined as the
stress resultant, Ni [force per length]
31
h/2
h / 2
Nx
h/2
h / 2
x dz
x dz
32
h/2
Ny
h/2
x dz
h / 2
h / 2
Nxy
y dz
h/2
h / 2
Mx
h/2
My
h/2
h / 2
h / 2
Mxy
xy dz
x z dz
bend
y z dz
bend
h/2
h / 2
xy z dz
twist
33
Ny hk 1 y dz
Nxy k 0
xy
Mx
My hk 1 y z dz
Mxy k 0
xy
k
hk
34
Nx
n
N
y
Nxy k 0
Q11
hk
hk1 Q12
Q16
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q11
Q16 ox
h
k
Q26 oy dz Q12
hk 1
o
Q16
Q66 xy
Mx
n
M
y
Mxy k 0
Q11
hk
hk 1 Q12
Q16
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q11
Q16 ox
hk
Q26 oy z dz Q12
hk 1
o
Q16
Q66 xy
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16 ox
o
Q26 y z dz
Q66 oxy
k
Q16 ox
Q26 oy z 2 dz
Q66 oxy
k
35
Nx
n
N
y
Nxy k 0
Q11
Q12
Q16
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q11
Q16 ox
Q26 oy hk hk 1 Q12
Q16
Q66 oxy
Mx
n
M
y
Mxy k 0
Q11
Q12
Q16
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q11
Q16 ox
1
Q16
Q66 xy
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16 ox
1
Q26 oy hk2 hk21
2
Q66 oxy
k
Q16 ox
o 1 3 3
Q26 y hk hk 1
3
o
Q66 xy
k
36
A ij Qij hk hk 1
k 0
1 n
Bij Qij hk2 hk2 1
2 k 0
k
1 n
Dij Qij hk3 hk3 1
3 k 0
k
37
Constitutive Equations in
Matrix Form
Nx
N
y
A 11
A
12
Nxy
A 16
B11
Mx
B12
My
Mxy
B16
A 12
A 22
A16
A 26
B11
B12
B12
B22
A 26
B12
A 66
B16
B16
D11
B26
D12
B22
B26
B26
B66
D12
D16
D22
D26
B16 ox
B26 oy
B66 oxy
D16 x
D26 y
D66 xy
38
Symmetric Laminates
For every layer to one side of the laminate
reference surface with a specific thickness,
material properties, and fiber orientation,
there is another layer an identical distance on
the opposite side
All components of [B] are zero
6x6 set of equations decouples into two 3x3
sets of equations
39
Balanced Laminates
For every layer with a specified thickness,
material properties, and fiber orientation,
there is another layer with the identical
thickness, material properties, but opposite
fiber orientation somewhere in the laminate
If a laminate is balanced, A16 and A26 are
always zero
Q16 & Q26 from opposite orientation have
opposite signs
40
Effective Engineering
Properties of a Laminate
2
A 11 A 22 A 12
Ex
A 22 h
2
A 11 A 22 A 12
Ey
A 11 h
A 66
Gx
h
A 12
xy
A 22
yx
A 12
A 11
41