ORGAN SYSTEM

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Circulatory System
Functions
1. Serves for the transport of:
a. Nutritive products like glucose, amino
acids, fats, inorganic salts and water from the
intestine to all parts of the body;
b. respiratory materials like oxygen (from the
lungs to the tissues) and carbon dioxide (from
the tissues to the lungs);
c. hormones that stimulates glands to
secrete enzymes and other secretions;
d. excretory products like uric acid and other
wastes from the liver and intestines.

Functions of the Circulatory

System:
2. Fights infections - related to
natural immunity.
3. Maintain an acid -base
balance through the buffer
system. Buffer is chemical
system that resists changes
in the pH of a solution when
an acid or a base is added to
it, thus it neutralizes the acids
and bases.

Two types of Circulatory System:

1. Open Type - This has a
well developed blood vessels
passing from the heart to the
tissues where it opens into
spaces (lacunae) where the
blood comes directly in contact
with the cells and from the
intercellular spaces, blood
returns to the ventrally located
heart through body spaces
called hemocoel.

Two types of Circulatory System:

Closed Type - Blood is confined
in tubes throughout its course
from the heart, to the tissues then
back to the heart. Blood keeps
flowing rapidly through various
channels but require an auxiliary
lymphatic system where the fluid
flow is slow and the tissue cells
are bathed directly with lymph.
This is exhibited by animals of
bigger size because of faster rate
of blood flow.

Subdivisions of the closed

type of circulatory system
1. Blood Vascular System
a. Heart - The propulsive or pumping organ

b. Blood vessels - System of

channels/canals/tubes

c. Blood - Transporting/Circulating
Medium

2. Lymphatic System - A cooperating

system, the function of which is to return
lymph to the blood.

The Heart
The heart beats about 3
BILLION times during an
average lifetime.
It is a muscle about the size of
your fist.
The heart is located in the center
of your chest slightly to the left.
It's job is to pump blood and
keep the blood moving
throughout your body.

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is made up of four
different blood-filled areas
called a chamber.
The two chambers on top
are called the atria. The
atria are the chambers that
fill with the blood returning to
the heart from the body and
lungs.
The heart has a left atrium
and a right atrium.

Anatomy of the heart

The two chambers on the

bottom are called the
ventricles.
The heart has a left
ventricle and a right
ventricle.
Their job is to squirt out
the blood to the body and
lungs.
Running down the middle
of the heart is a thick wall
of muscle called the
septum. The septum's job
is to separate the left side
and the right side of the
heart.

The Blood Vessels - Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels as thin or thinner than the
hairs on your head.
Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
Attached on the organs.
Food substances (nutrients), oxygen and
wastes pass in and out of your blood
through the capillary walls.

Blood Vessel - Vein

Carries blood toward the heart.
Carries deoxygenated blood.
Has valve that prevents the back flow
of blood.

Artery
Carry blood away from the heart.
Carry oxygenated blood.
Does not contain valve.

Arteries of the Brain

Types of arteries:
The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated
blood that has just returned from the body to
the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged
for oxygen.
Systemic arteries deliver blood to the
arterioles, and then to the capillaries, where
nutrients and gases are exchanged.
The aorta is the root systemic artery. It
receives blood directly from the left ventricle of
the heart via the aortic valve. As the aorta
branches, and these arteries branch in turn,
they become successively smaller in diameter,
down to the arteriole. The arterioles supply
capillaries which in turn empty into venules.

The Blood

Blood is pumped by your heart.

It travels through thousands of
miles of blood vessels right within
your own body.
It carries nutrients, water, oxygen
and waste products to and from
your body cells.
A young person has about a gallon
of blood. An adult has about 5
quarts.

The Blood
Blood is not just a red liquid
but rather is made up of
liquids, solids and small
amounts of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
Plasma - liquid part of the
blood
Blood cells are the solid
parts
Gases

Blood Cells

Plasma
Plasma is the liquid part of the
blood. Approximately more than
half of your blood is made of
plasma(55%).
The plasma carries the blood cells
and other components throughout
the body.
Plasma is made in the liver.

Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Pick up oxygen in the lungs and
transport it to all the body cells.
After delivering the oxygen to the cells
it gathers up the carbon dioxide (a
waste gas produced as our cells are
working) and transports carbon
dioxide back to the lungs where it is
removed from the body when we
exhale (breath out).
There are about 5,000,000 Red Blood
Cells in ONE drop of blood.

Amount of blood in the

human body
Female
Age 12-18 years:
Age >18 years:
Male
Age 12-18 years:
Age >18 years:

4.1 to 5.1
3.8 to 5.2
4.5 to 5.3
4.4 to 5.9

White Blood Cells

(Germinators)
Help the body fight off germs
White Blood Cells attack and destroy
germs when they enter the body.

neutrophils

eosinophils

eosinophils

monocyte

Platelets

Blood cells that help stop bleeding.

When we cut ourselves we have broken a
blood vessel and the blood leaks out. In
order to plug up the holes where the blood is
leaking from the platelets start to stick to the
opening of the damaged blood vessels. As
the platelets stick to the opening of the
damaged vessel they attract more platelets,
fibers and other blood cells to help form a
plug to seal the broken blood vessel. When
the platelet plug is completely formed the
wound stops bleeding.

Blood Platelets
Platelets or thrombocytes
are the cell fragments
circulating in the blood that
are involved in the cellular
mechanisms of primary
haemostasis leading to the
formation of blood clots.
Dysfunction or low levels of
platelets predisposes to
bleeding, while high levels,
although usually
asymptomatic, may increase
the risk of thrombosis.

Blood Clot Formation (blood

cells, platelets, fibrin clot)

Trace the Circulation of Blood

Ly
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Functions: Lymphatic System

Draining excess interstitial fluid,
Water and plasma are forced from the
capillaries into intracellular spaces.
This interstitial fluid transports
materials between cells.
Most of this fluid is collected in the
capillaries of a secondary circulatory
system, the lymphatic system.
Fluid in this system is known as lymph.

Functions of the Lymphatic system

Transporting dietary lipids from

the gastrointestinal tract to the
blood
Protecting against invasion of
the foreign bodies through
immune responses.

Components: Lymphatic System

Lymph flows from small lymph
capillaries into lymph vessels that
are similar to veins in having valves
that prevent backflow. Lymph
vessels connect to lymph nodes,
lymph organs, or to the
cardiovascular system at the
thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct.

Components: Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes are small irregularly
shaped masses through which
lymph vessels flow. Clusters of
nodes occur in the armpits, groin,
and neck.
Cells of the immune system line
channels through the nodes and
attack bacteria and viruses traveling
in the lymph.