TOPIC 3

Energy systems

Relationship Between Nutrition,

Environment and Health
External Environment
Religion
Food
Nutritional Status
Security/Insecurity
Optimal Nourished
Culture
Agriculture
Under-nourished
Politics
Over-nourished
Economics
Malnourished
Education
Health Service
Social Status
Nutritional
Food Security/Insecurity
Requirements
Growth and Development
Pregnancy and Lactation
Sport and Exercise
Internal
Elderly
Environment
DNA/RNA
Disease
Cells
Organs
Central Nervous
System

3.1.1 List the macronutrients and micronutrients.

Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or

energy and are required in large amounts:

Lipid (fat)
carbohydrate and
protein.

Micronutrients are nutrients required by humans in

small amounts to orchestrate a wide variety of
physiological functions but are not made by the
organism

Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Fiber

Carbohydrates
4

Food Sources Include:

cereals
sweeteners
body
fruit
dairy
bread
rice

Functions:
Fuel for your
Energy storage

Fat
5

Food Sources Include:

Meat
Dairy Products
oil
nuts
bacon
margarine, butter

Functions:
Fuel storage
Hormones
Cell storage

Protein
6

Food Sources:
Meat
Chicken
Fish
Eggs
building blocks
Cheese
Milk

Functions:
Structure
Storage
Enzymes
Muscle

Water
7

Food Sources
Beverages
Fruits
Vegetables
Ice Cream
Reactions

Functions:
Excretion
Lubrication
Transport
Medium for

Vitamins
8

Food Sources
Functions:
Fruits
Energy release from
macronutrients
Vegetables
Immune function
Fatty Fish
Eyesight

Minerals
9

Food Sources:
Fruits
and teeth
Vegetables
Fatty Fish
radicals
Milk

Functions:
Mineralization of bones
Blood oxygen transport
Defense against free
Acid base balance

3.1.3 State the chemical composition of a glucose

molecule.

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Its chemical formula is C6H12 O6
1:2:1 ratio

3.1.4 Identify a diagram representing the basic structure of a

glucose molecule

3.1.5 Explain how glucose molecules

can combine to form disaccharides and
polysaccharides

Carbohydrates
13

Monosaccarides have one sugar molecule

fruits, vegetables and honey

Disaccharides have 2 sugar molecules

sugar, milk

Polysaccharides have many sugar

molecules
rice, potatoes, corn and wheat

Condensation Reaction
14

the linking of a monosaccharide to

another monosaccharide, disaccharide or
polysaccharide by removal of a water
molecule

Joule: a unit of energy. Joule is the

energy obtained from food that is
available through cell respiration

Test Your Knowledge:

15

Place the major CHO sources with the

correct country:
sweet potato
maize
cassava
wheat
rice
potato

3.1.6 State the composition of a molecule of triglycerol.

Also known as triglyceride which is a

lipid/fat
consists of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid
chains
Stored in adipose tissue and skeletal
muscleCOn

Structure of triglycerol.
glycer
ol

Saturated
Fatty acid

Unsaturated
Fatty acid

3.1.7 Distinguish between saturated

and unsaturated fatty acids

What difference
do you notice
between the
two?

19

Unsaturated vs Saturated
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated

Saturated

Double bonds
between carbon
atoms

No double bonds
between carbon
atoms

Come from plant

based foods

Come from animal

sources

Examples include
peanuts, cashew nuts,
rapeseed and
sunflower oil, olive oil
and avocado

Tropical oils such as

coconut and palm oil.
Fat in and around
meat, chicken, pork

Liquid at Room

Solid at Room

To Think About: Trans Fat

20

Read pages
in your IB textbook.
Describe a trans fat.
Why is this harmful?
Should the government have put a ban
on foods with trans fat? Why or why not?
Discuss with your elbow partner.

3.1.8 State the chemical composition of a protein molecule.

Protein molecules consist of Carbon,

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.
The smallest part of a protein is called an
amino acid. There are 20 different amino
acids
Compose blood tissue, muscle tissue and
enzymes

3.1.9 Distinguish between an essential

and a nonessential amino acid.

Essential amino acids cannot by

synthesized by the human body and
must be obtained by diet
Non-essential amino acids can be
synthesized by the human body

How would this impact a vegetarian?

Independent Reading
Activity

Read Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Children on page

57 from your IB textbook and answer the following 3
questions that can be found in your workbook.

What are the factors that influence adequate

nutrition?
What are the consequences of a lack of
carbohydrate, fat and protein diet?
Why are children at greatest risk of suffering from
undernutrition?

24

3.1.10 Describe current

recommendations for a healthy
balanced diet

Balanced diet: a diet that provides all

nutrients in the right amount in order to
maintain health and prevent nutrient
excess or deficiency diseases

Dietary recommendations:
recommended amounts of essential
nutrients in the diet

Dietary guidelines: recommended

amounts of foods, food groups or meals

3.1.10 Describe current

recommendations for a healthy
balanced diet.

My Plate

3.1.13 State the energy content per 100 g of carbohydrate,

lipid and protein.

Carbohydrate = 1600 kJ
Protein = 1700 kJ
Fat =3700 kJ

Both carbohydrates and lipids can be

used for energy storage in humans.
Carbohydrates are usually used for
energy storage over short periods and
lipids for long term storage.

Student Thinking Questions

28

Complete the student thinking questions

found in your student workbook.

Research of dietary recommendations

between two countries of your choice. What
are the similarities and differences between
the two countries? Why do you think there
are differences?

Once you have finished, complete the

questions 1- 4 under research of dietary
recommendations.

29

3.1.11 State the approximate energy

content per 100g of carbohydrate,
lipid and protein

Carbohydrate: 1760 kJ

Lipid: 4000 kJ

Protein: 1720 kJ

Observe the following chart. What do

you notice among the nutrients?

3.1.12 Discuss how the recommended energy distribution

of the dietary macronutrients differs between endurance
athletes and non-athletes.

Using your textbook, complete the chart

found on your student workbook.
the more glycogen, the further and faster the
player ran-what does this quote mean to
you?
Review your chartdescribe what the
information means to you in your daily life?
How could you use this information to better
train an athlete?

Carbs

During prolonged, aerobic exercise, energy

is provided by the muscle glycogen stores
which directly depend on the amount of
carbohydrates ingested.
This is not the only reason why dietary
carbohydrates play a crucial role in athletic
performance; they have also been found to
prevent the onset of early muscle fatigue
and hypoglycaemia during exercise.

Carbs

By keeping carbohydrate intake high, an

athlete therefore replenishes his glycogen
energy stores, and reduces the risk of
rapid fatigue and a decline in
performance.
At the same time, carbohydrate intake
should not be so high as to drastically
reduce the intake of fat, because the body
will use fat as a substrate once glycogen
stores are depleted.

Protein

The use of body protein in exercise is

usually small, but prolonged exercise in
extreme sports can degrade muscle,
hence the need for amino acids during
the recovery phase.

3.2.1 Outline the terms metabolism, anabolism, aerobic catabolism and

aerobic catabolism .

Metabolism: All the biochemical reactions that

occur within an organism, including anabolic and
catabolic reactions
Anabolism: Energy requiring reactions whereby
small molecules are built up into larger ones
Catabolism: Chemical reactions that break down
complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with
the net release of energy. Aerobic catabolism refers
to processes which require oxygen. Anaerobic
catabolism is independent of the presence of
oxygen.

3.2.2 State what glycogen is and its major storage sites.

Glycogen comes from the Greek

world glykr meaning sweet

Animals store polysaccharides as

glycogen in the liver and muscle.

When the diet provides more glucose

than the tissue requires, your body
stores glucose as glycogen.

3.2.3 State the major sites of

triglyceride storage.

Major storage site of triglycerides are

adipose tissue (fat) and skeletal muscle.

3.2.4 Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the
accumulation of body fat.

Insulin is a hormone that informs the

bodys cells that the animal is well fed

Causes liver and muscle cells to take in

glucose and store it in the form of
glycogen

Causes fat cells to take in blood lipids

and turn them into triglycerides

3.2.4

Ingest cabohydrates > increase in

blood glucose > insulin is released by
pancreas

After a meal, insulin concentrations

rise and cells uptake glucose thereby
decreasing the level of glucose in the
blood

Exercise and Insulin

40

In response to exercise, we need muscle

to use glycogen and not store it in
muslce and liver

When you exercise, insulin concentration

goes down

Visual

3.2.5 Outline the terms glycogenolysis

and lipolysis.

Glycogenolysis the breakdown of glycogen

to glucose.
In the liver, the breakdown of glycogen
results in elevated blood glucose.
In the muscle, the breakdown of glycogen is
used by the muscle for energy. There is no
release of glucose into the blood stream
from the muscle.
This occurs as a result of the hormone
glucagon.

Lipolysis

Lipolysis is the process of releasing triglycerides

from the bodys fat stores

Excess fat is stored in adipose tissue and muscles

Free fatty acids are released into the blood

stream and throughout the body

breakdown of adipose tissue by glucagon and

adrenaline to increase blood sugar

3.2.6 Outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during

fasting and exercise.

3.2.6

During fasting and exercise the blood

glucose level drops and therefore the
release of glucagon and adrenaline will
result in an increase of blood glucose.

Glucagon and adrenaline stimulate the

breakdown of glycogen in the liver to
increase blood glucose levels during long
periods of exercise and times of fasting

3.2.7 Explain the role of insulin and

muscle contraction on glucose uptake
during exercise.

Insulin will result in an increased uptake

of blood glucose into the liver and
muscle.
Muscle contraction will also result in an
increase of blood glucose uptake from
the blood due to higher energy demands.

3.3.1 Draw a diagram to show the ultrastructure of a

generalized animal cell.

With
ribosomes

Apparatu
s

3.3.2 Draw a diagram to show the ultrastructure of a

mitochondrion.

3.3.3 Define the term cell respiration.

The controlled release of energy in the

form of ATP

Cell and Energy Metabolism

3.3.4 Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a

phosphate molecule.

ATP is made up of adenosine and three phosphate

groups

ATP releases a great deal of energy when their bonds

are broken

ATP is the energy currency of the cell

ATP

53

Draw the following diagram

in your workbook

ENERGY IN
ADENOSINE

P P

P P

P P

ENERGY OUT

ADENOSINE

P P

P P

P P

3.3.5 Explain the role of ATP in muscle

contraction.

Muscle contraction requires lots of energy

All muscle fibers have the capacity to
produce ATP using carbohydrates and fats
The release of energy caused by the
breakdown of ATP to ADP provides the
energy for muscle contraction.
In muscle there is sufficient ATP present to
allow just two seconds of muscle activity

ATP in Muscle Contraction

After the two seconds, the muscle must

use ATP from another source

This energy (ATP) comes from different

energy systems

3.3.6 Describe the re-synthesis of ATP

by the ATP-CP system (creatinine
phosphate system)

Creatine phosphate (a high energy molecule)

is broken down to provide a phosphate
molecule for the re-synthesis of ATP during
the initial stages of exercise
Occurs quickly and is important during hard
exercise
Short livedworks for 20 seconds and then
you need another way of getting ATP
Give an example of during what sport you
may use this energy system?

3.3.6 Describe the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATPCP

system.

3.3.7 Describe the production of ATP

by the lactic acid system

Also known as anaerobic glycolysisthe

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the
use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into
lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP
produced (2 ATP molecules).
The lactic acid system is generally used for high
to medium intensity activities lasting no longer
than 2 minutes.
Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle and
causes discomfort and reduces the ability of
muscle to contract > slow down

3.3.7 Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system.

3.3.8 Explain the phenomena of

oxygen deficit and oxygen debt

Oxygen debt now excess post exercise oxygen

consumption (EPOC)
These terms refer to a lack of oxygen while training
Oxygen Deficit. While exercising intensely the body is
sometimes unable to fulfill all of its energy needs.
In order to make up the difference without sacrificing the
output, the body must tap into its anaerobic metabolism.
This where the body goes into a mix of aerobic and
anaerobic energy production.
While not hugely detrimental, oxygen deficits can grow to
a level that the anaerobic energy system cannot cover.
This can cause performance to deteriorate.

Oxygen Debt

This term describes how the body pays back

its debt incurred above after the exercise is
over.
You will notice that even after you have
finished racing you will continue to breath
hard.
At this point your body is still trying to repay
the oxygen debt that was created when you
were working hard.
Technically, it is excessive post-exercise
oxygen consumption (EPOC).

Describe the differences between these

two diagrams

3.3.9 Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty

acids by the aerobic system.

Within the Mitochondria is the Krebs

cycle and electron transport chain >
produce ATP from all main food groupsusually carbs and fats
Proteins are used for 15 percent of
resting energy metabolism
Fats are broken down by beta oxidation
that also liberates electrons to produce
ATP (energy)

3.3.9 Key Points

64

Beginning of exercise:
anaerobic system that dominates energy
provision
ATP within muscle provides energy for 2
seconds
Creatine phosphate fades after 20 seconds
Then lactic acid system dominates but is
short lived
Finally aerobic energy system dominates
Fats are only used during aerobic activities

Aerobic system

A comparison of anaerobic and aerobic

glycolysis-Draw this in your workbook

3.3.10 Discuss the characteristics of the

three energy systems and their relative
contributions during exercise

3.3.11 Evaluate the relative contributions of

the three energy systems during different
types of exercise.
Independent research:
Using the diagrams in your student
workbook, your textbook and the
internet, compare the three energy
systems with 3 different types of
exercise:
ATP-PC
LACTIC ACID
OXYGEN