BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING
Presented by:
Dr. Rafidah Aga Mohd Jaladin
Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling
Faculty of Education
University of Malaya

Different Types of Helping Providers

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

The people who provide guidance

and counseling services also come
in different types and with
different credentials, licenses,
certifications, educational
experiences, philosophies, ways of
understanding development &
pathology, etc

Different Types of Helping Providers

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

These providers include:

Psychiatrists
Psychologists
Social workers
Counsellors
Paraprofessionals
Non-professionals

Guidance & Counseling

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

As people learn about the art & science of the

mental health field, there are terms and
definitions that will be helpful. They include:
Guidance
Counselling
Psychotherapy

What Is Guidance?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Guidance is a process of helping people make

important choices that affect their lives, such as
choosing a preferred lifestyle (Gladding, 2000,
pg. 4).
Guidance can be seen is such activities as helping a
student make decisions about what courses to take or
which vocation to pursue. It is a relationship
between two unequal persons.

What Is Guidance?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Types of guidance services include:

Responsive Services (e.g., crisis situation)
Individual Planning (e.g., educational & career)
Guidance Curriculum (Large group guidance with a
set curriculum, usually classroom oriented)
System Support (Supporting and helping the system
run smoothlygathering information, providing
programming, assessment, evaluation)
(Myrick, 1997; Gysbers & Herderson, 1999)

What Is Counseling?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

According to the Counsellors Act 1998 (Act 580),

counselling is:
a systematic process of helping relationship based on
psychological principles performed by a registered
counsellor in accordance with the counselling code of
ethics to achieve a voluntary favourable holistic change,
development and adjustment of the client such that the
change, development and adjustment will continue
throughout the lifespan of the client.

What is Counselling?
Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

To summarise, counselling is guiding and more..

Counselling is a relatively short-term relationship,
characterised by an interpersonal relationship between
the counsellor and the counsellee. It is theory-based,
handled professionally by trained people, guided by
ethical and legal standards that focus on helping or
giving care to people who need to resolve
developmental and situational problems.
Counselling focuses on making important changes in
ones thinking, feeling and behaving. It is a more than
guiding because it aggressively promotes making
changes in the counsellees life-style.

What Is Psychotherapy?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Traditionally focuses on serious problems

associated with intrapsychic, internal, and
personal issues and conflicts. It deals with the
recovery of adequacy (Casey, 1996, p. 175).
The focus of psychotherapy tends towards:
Past more then present
Insight more than change
Detachment of the therapist
Therapist as the expert

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What Is Psychotherapy?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

The distinction between psychotherapy and

counseling has been blurring more and more recently
as more and more counsellors move into the world of
clinical mental health and are recognized for what they
have been doing for decades. The major traditional
differences between counseling and psychotherapy
revolve around:
Length of time in therapypsychotherapy tends to last longer
20-40 sessions, counseling tends to be short-term6-8
sessions).
Counseling tends to happen in outpatient settings.
Psychotherapy tends to take place in both outpatient and
inpatient settings.

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What Is Counseling?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

The definition was written to

try and meet the needs of the
several different types and
styles of counseling practiced
by the members of the ACA.
The elements of the definition
are important to understand.

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What Is Counseling?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Counseling is a profession.
requires appropriate training at graduate level,
professional associations, licensure & certification,
ethical standards, etc.

Counseling deals with wellness, personal

growth, career, empowerment and educational
concerns.
Includes intra- and interpersonal concerns related to
school or college adjustment, mental health, aging,
marriage or family issues, employment, and
rehabilitation.

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What Is Counseling?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Counseling is conducted with persons who are

considered to be functioning well and those who
are considered normal.
Clients have adjustment, developmental, or
situational concerns; and their problems require
short-term intervention.

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What Is Counseling?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Counseling is theory based.

The professional counselor works from a theory of
counseling that guides his/her work. It is applied to
individuals, groups, families, and other systems.

Counseling is a process that may be

developmental or intervening.
Counseling is a process in which clients learn how to
make decisions and formulate new ways of
behaving, feeling, and thinking, related to
selfdetermined goals (rather than the goals of the
counselor).

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What Is Counseling?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Counseling includes
various subspecialties.
The profession of
counseling has several
different types of
practitioners with
specialized training.
They included:

School Counseling
Community Counseling
Mental Health Counseling
Marriage & Family
Counseling
Group Counseling
College Counseling
Rehabilitation Counseling
Substance Abuse Counseling
Gerontological Counseling
Offender Counseling

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Approaches of Guidance&Counselling
Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

There are four main approaches of G&C:

Crisis intervention
Rehabilitative or corrective
Preventive
Developmental

Each approach carries different themes that help

to identify what sort of services to be provided
and how to allocate time for it.
Sometimes one G&C program can have a
combination of two main approaches.

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Functions of Guidance & Counselling

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Giving Advice
Instilling Confidence
Two way Communication
Expressing Feelings
Thought Clarification
Orientation

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Counselling Environment
Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Counseling is normally done

in a conducive and
harmonious environment
with an open mind towards
understanding counsellees
emotional problem .

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Becoming a Counsellor
Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

How to get started?

What skills should you develop?
List what you think are the qualities of an
effective counselor.

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The Wrong Reasons to Become a Counselor

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Many people enter the

counseling profession
for reasons that do not
make for a good
counselor. Some of
those reasons include:

Emotional distresshaving
unresolved personal traumas.
Vicarious Copingliving your lives
through others.
Loneliness and isolationseeking
friendship through clients.
Desire for Powerseeking to
control others.
Need for LoveSeeking love to fill
narcissistic needs.
Vicarious Rebellionacting out
your needs through others.

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Characteristics of a Counsellor

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Stability of character
Harmony with self and
others
Constancy and
purposefulness
Flexible
Seeking goodwill for
others

Sensitive to oneself and

the effect you have on
others
Knowing your own
wounds and working to
resolve them
Energetic
Intelligent

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Qualities of an Effective Counselor

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Unconditional positive regard (and respect)

Emphatic understanding
Warmth and caring
Openness/congruence
Concreteness and specificity
Communication competence
Other qualities?

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Becoming a Skilled Counselor

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

List what you think are the necessary skills to

become an effective counselor.

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The Helping Process

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

ATTENDING
to involve
RESPONDING to
facilitate exploring
PERSONALIZING
understanding
INITIATING action
FACILITATING
FEEDBACK

INVOLVEMENT in
processing
EXPLORING human
experiences
UNDERSTANDING
human goals
ACTING upon programs
FEEDBACKING
information

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THE COUNSELING SKILLS

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

ATTENDING
involving the client
Attending involves
communicating a
hovering or undivided
attentiveness to the
clients.

listening

observing
Attending
personally
Preparing for attending

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THE COUNSELING SKILLS

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

RESPONDING
facilitating exploring
R emphasizes entering the
clients frames of reference
and communicating to them
what we hear.
Responding to Content
Responding to Feeling
Responding to Meaning

Recall
5WH
You
Youfeel
feel
discouraged
discouraged

me
reoof f me
YYoouufefeeel luunnssuure
t not be
bbeeccaauusseeI Immigighht not be
nd
aabbleletotouunnddeersrstatand
yyoouu. .

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THE COUNSELING SKILLS

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

PERSONALIZING
facilitating understanding
CLIENT UNDERSTOOD
You feel disappointed
because you cannot
initiate, and you want to
initiate.

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THE COUNSELING SKILLS

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

INITIATING
facilitating acting
Defining goals
Developing programs
Developing schedules
Developing
reinforcements
Individualizing steps
Preparing to implement
steps
Initiating check steps
Dr I Nor

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RUMUSAN MODEL CARKHUFF

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

1.
2.
3.
4.

PENGLIBATAN (kemahiran melayan)

Menentukan klien datang. Mahu melibatkan
diri. Menyediakan tempat yang selesa.
Tingkah laku nonverbal yang menunjukkan
minat.
Bersedia untuk membuat pemerhatian yang
rapi.
Mendengar dengan aktif dan teliti.

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RUMUSAN MODEL CARKHUFF

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

1.
2.
3.
4.

PENEROKAAN (kemahiran bertindak balas)

Bertindak balas kepada kandungan.
Bertindak balas kepada makna.
Persaan.
Mengaitkan perasaan dengan sebab.

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RUMUSAN MODEL CARKHUFF

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

1.
2.
3.
4.

KEFAHAMAN (personalizing skills)

Meningkatkan kefahaman diri klien,
persekitaran klien, serta perhubungan diri
dengan persekitaran.
Membantu supaya kefahaman lebih tersendiri,
betul-betul merujuk kepada kendiri klien.
Memahami makna masalah kepada diri.
Masalah dikaitkan dengan kekurangan diri.
Menerima kelemahan dan mencari makna
kelemahan itu kepada diri.

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RUMUSAN MODEL CARKHUFF

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

BERTINDAK (Initiating Skills)

1. Membina keyakinan klien untuk bertindak.
2. Membantu klien memilih tindakan yang paling
sesuai dan selesa.
3. Menyediakan klien dengan maklumat tentang
kesan-kesan tindakan yang bakal diambil.

How would you respond to

the following counsellee?
ROLE-PLAY EXERCISE

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ROLE-PLAY EXERCISE

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

One of your classmates, Zakaria, is absent frequently. If he

is not sick, he usually makes an excuse about his part- time
job, or a flat tire, or some other emergency. You never know
if you can count on him. If you were to carry out a
guidance/counseling session, how would you handle this
client?
A. To find out why he is frequently absent
B. To find out if the classes are on bad days for him
C. To find out whether he is telling you the truth or otherwise
D. To tell him there is a problem and let him know what your
expectations are
E. To tell your friend that he need to change in order to pass his
examination.

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Dont Burnout

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Burnout is a state of becoming emotionally or

physically drained to the point one cannot
perform functions meaningfully.
One person stated that once you have been burned
out in a profession, you are no longer effective. The
wires of a radio can be replaced when they are
burned out. You cannot replace the wires in a
persons head.

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Tips to Stay Healthy

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Associate with healthy

individuals
Work with committed
colleagues &
organizations that have a
sense of mission
Find a theory of
counselling and use it
Use stress reduction
exercises
Modify environmental
stresses

Engage in selfassessment/ monitoring

Know and understand
your job/task profile
Obtain personal therapy
Balance free-time and
work
Dont become over
involved in clients lives
Retain an attitude of
hope

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Continuing Education

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Effective counsellors know that their education

does not end with their completed degree. In
fact, the more you know, the more you realize
how much you do not know. Continuing
education is a requirement of licensed
counselors and the mark of a professional who is
keeping up with the current trends in the field.

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ARE WE READY TO TAKE UP THE

CHALLENGE?

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC

Clearly, whatever the specific conflicts in any

educational institutions may be, their
successful resolution depends upon all the
players' ability to talk clearly about the
issues, and listen effectively to what is being
said. If you want to be heard, you must
know how to talk effectively; if you want
to hear what is being said, you must learn
how to listen.

Rafidah Aga Mohd Jaladin

Dept of Educational
Psychology & Counselling
Faculty of Education
University of Malaya

THANK YOU

rafidah_aga@um.edu.my
Off: 03-79675058
Hp: 011-12174475

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Questions

Perry C. Francis, Ed.D., NCC, LPC