EE104: Lecture 5

Outline
Review

of Last Lecture

Introduction
Fourier

to Fourier Transforms

Transform from Fourier Series

Fourier

Transform Pair and Signal

Spectrum

Example:

Rectangular Pulse

Time/Bandwidth

Tradeoffs

Review of Last
Lecture
x p (t )
Basis

c e

j 2nf 0 t

cn

1
j 2nf 0 t
x
(
t
)
e
dt
p

T0 T0

Functions for Periodic Signals

Fourier
LTI

Series Transform Pair

Filtering of Exponentials
h(t)
e j 2ft

H ( f )e j 2ft

Fourier

Series Examples and Demo

Fourier

Series with Sinusoidal Bases

Properties

of Fourier Series

Properties of Fourier
Series

Linearity

Multiplication

Time Shifting

Time shift leads to linear phase shift in FS

Time Reversal

Multiplication in time leads to convolution of FS

Time reversal leads to index reversal

Time Scaling

Time scaling leads to frequency stretching

Conjugation:
Parsevals
Energy

Relation:
x*p (t ) {c* n }

contained in FS

1
2
2
|
x
(
t
)
|
dt

|
c
|

p
n
T0 T0
n

Introduction to Fourier
Transforms
The

Fourier transform of a signal

represents its spectral components.

The

Fourier transform and inverse

provide a 1-1 mapping between time
and frequency domains.
X(f)

x(t)

Fourier Series to Fourier

Transform
xp(t)
-T0

X(f)

x(t)
0

T0

1/T0

t
0

Xp(f)
f

Repeat x(t) every T0 seconds to get xp(t)

Fourier series coefficients separated in frequency by

f0=1/T0

As T0, samples in frequency domain become a continuous

signal in f

Fourier Transform
Pair

j 2nft
x
(
t
)
e
dt

X( f )

x (t )

j 2ft
X
(
f
)
e
df

|X(f)|

X(f)

Real signals have |X(f)|=-|X(f)| and X(f)=-<X(-f)

Rectangular Pulse
Infinite Frequency Content

A
-.5T

.5T

x (t ) Arect (t / T ) X ( f ) ATsinc fT

Rectangular pulse is a time window

Fourier series coefficients of periodic square wave are
weighted samples of X(f)

Shrinking time axis causes stretching of frequency axis

Signals cannot be both time-limited and bandwidthlimited

Main Points
The

Fourier transform represents the spectral

components of a signal.

The

Fourier transform pair allows a signal to be

uniquely represented in time or frequency domain

Fourier

transform usually represented in terms of

amplitude and phase (symmetries for real signals)

The

Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse in time

is a sinc function: critical transform pair

signal cannot be both time-limited and bandlimited