Documents - Tips Well Performance and Artifical Lift Rev 3 55845f091c905

INTRODUCTION TO
WELL PERFORMANCE
&
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
November 2001
by Russ Gilbert & Justin Gilmour
WHY BOTHER WITH WELL PERFORMANCE ?

What is a well?
Why is it important ?
= $$$$$
the well
INTRODUCTION TO WELL PERFORMANCE

CONCEPTS COVERED
Basic Well Configuration
Reservoir Inflow Performance
Tubing Outflow Performance
Improving Well Performance
BASIC WELL CONFIGURATION

XMAS TREE
Gas Export
Hydrocarbon Flow
Separator
=
Oil Export
CASING
TUBING OUFLOW
PERFORATIONS
RESERVOIR INFLOW
RESERVOIR
$$$$
RESERVOIR INFLOW
Higher Pressure
(Driving Force)
P
BHP
BHP
pressure
Pres
Pressure
Inflow Performance Principle:
PRESSURE DROP
oil rate
Reservoir pressure
(Pres)
Bottomhole pressure
(BHP)
As pressure drop increases rate increases!
Can we model this principle?

Wellbore Damage (Skin)
RESERVOIR INFLOW
Mathematical Model
Flow Rate (Q) varies with:
pressure
Pres
P
BHP
BHP
- Inflow Pressure Drop?

- Thickness of the Reservoir?
- Permeability of the Reservoir Sand?
- Phase of the Moon?
- Skin Damage around the Well?
- Reservoir Pressure?
- Fluid Viscosity?
- Hours of Sunshine?
- Wellbore Radius
Q= f
(P)
(h)
(k)
(x)
(S)
(Pres)
()
(y)
(rw)
RESERVOIR INFLOW
Mathematical Model
pressure
Pres
P
BHP
BHP
- Inflow Pressure Drop?

- Thickness of the Reservoir?
- Permeability of the Reservoir Sand?
- Skin Damage around the Well?
- Reservoir Pressure?
- Fluid Viscosity?
- Wellbore Radius
Q= f
(P)
(h)
(k)
(x)
(S)
(Pres)
()
(y)
(rw)
K h P rw
S
Various inflow equations are used to model reservoir inflow in software such as Prosper
TUBING OUTFLOW
Lower Pressure
WHP
Tubing Performance Principle:
pressure
Bottomhole pressure
(BHP)
PRESSURE LOSS
Well Head pressure

(WHP)
oil rate
As rate increases pressure loss increases!

Can we model this principle?
BHP
Higher Pressure
(Driving Force)
TUBING OUTFLOW
Mathematical Model
- Fluid Weight/Type?
- Friction Losses - Fluid Viscosity?
- Friction Losses - Tubing Length?
- Friction Losses - Tubing diameter ?
- Friction Losses - Tubing roughness ?
- Well Head Pressure?
WHP
Q= f
BHP
Note: The acceleration term (velocity increasing due to gas expansion) has been assumed to be negligible for this presentation.
()
()
(L)
(x)
(d)
(f)
(y)
(WHP)
TUBING OUTFLOW
Mathematical Model
- Fluid Weight/Type?
- Friction Losses - Fluid Viscosity?
- Friction Losses - Tubing Length?
- Friction Losses - Tubing diameter ?
- Friction Losses - Tubing roughness ?
- Well Head Pressure?
WHP
Q= f
1
Fluid Weight . Friction Losses . Wellhead Pressure
BHP
Various correlations are used to model tubing outflow in software such as Prosper
Note: The acceleration term (velocity increasing due to gas expansion) has been assumed to be negligible for this presentation.
()
()
(L)
(x)
(d)
(f)
(y)
(WHP)
TUBING OUTFLOW
Fluid Weight/Type
VLP (TUBING) CURVES ( 20 Nov 01 16:11)
6000
Variables
1:Water Cut (percent)
2:First Node Pressure (psig)
3:Tubing/Pipe Diameter (inches)
1
2
3
0=0
0=50.0
0=1.99
1=50.000
1=200.0
1=2.75
2=90.000
2=400.0
2=3.83
3=4.89
Mixture
All Wtr
5000
50/50
202
102
Pressure (psig)
4000
All Oil
002
3000
2000
1000
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Liquid Rate (STB/day)

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole
Corrln Hagedorn Brown
Bottom Measured Depth

(feet)
10000.0
Bottom True Vertical Depth
(feet)
10000.0
Tubing Length=10,000ft; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2OD;WHP=50psig
TUBING OUTFLOW
Friction Losses
2 3/8
3 1/2
6000
Variables
1
2
3
0=0
0=50.0
0=1.99
1=50.000
1=200.0
1=2.75
2=90.000
2=400.0
2=3.83
3=4.89
Tubing OD
5000
001
4 1/2
4000
002
5 1/2
Pressure (psig)
000
003
3000
2000
1000
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole

(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; WHP=50psig
TUBING OUTFLOW
Well Head Pressure
6000
Variables
1
2
3
0=0
0=50.0
0=1.99
1=50.000
1=200.0
1=2.75
2=90.000
2=400.0
2=3.83
3=4.89
Well Head Pressure

400 psig
5000
200 psig
022
Pressure (psig)
50 psig
012
4000
002
3000
2000
1000
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole

(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2
THE OIL RATE

Determined for specific fluid, specific tubing & specific reservoir by
intersection of the reservoir inflow & tubing outflow curves
reservoir pressure - Pres
pressure
from tubing outflow
from reservoir inflow

surface pressure - WHP
oil rate
THE OIL RATE

Initial Conditions
Inflow v Outflow Curves ( 20 Nov 01 17:04)

6000
Variables
1:Reservoir Pressure (psig)
1
2
0=3000.0
1=4000.0
2=5000.0
IPR Curve
Reservoir Pressure
VLP Curve
5000 psig
5000
Pressure (psig)
4000
3000
2000
2
1000
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
6500 bopd
Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole
First Node Pressure

(psig) 50.0
(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
IPR PI Entry
Res Temp 200.0
Res Pres 3000.0
(degrees F)
(psig)
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2; WHP=50psig, Pres=5000psig, k.h=10000mdft, rw=8.5, Wellbore Skin=5
THE OIL RATE

Pressure Depletion

6000
Reservoir Pressure
VLP Curve
5000
4000 psig
4000
Pressure (psig)
5000 psig
3000 psig
Variables
1
2
0=3000.0
1=4000.0
2=5000.0
IPR Curve
0
1
2
3000
2000
2
1000
1
0
0
2500 bopd
5000
6500 bopd
0 15000
10000
20000

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole
First Node Pressure

(psig) 50.0
(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
IPR PI Entry
Res Temp 200.0
Res Pres 3000.0
(degrees F)
(psig)
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2; WHP=50psig, Pres=depleting, k.h=10000mdft, rw=8.5, Wellbore Skin=5
THE OIL RATE
Pressure Depletion & %Water Increase

6000
Reservoir Pressure
%Water
VLP Curve
100%
5000
5000 psig
Now 4500 psig
50% (Now)
4000 psig
0%
4000
Pressure (psig)
3000 psig
Variables
1
2
0=3000.0
1=4000.0
2=5000.0
IPR Curve
0
1
2
3000
2000
2
1000
1
0
0
3000 bfpd
5000
0 15000
10000
20000

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole
First Node Pressure

(psig) 50.0
(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
IPR PI Entry
Res Temp 200.0
Res Pres 3000.0
(degrees F)
(psig)
Tubing Length=10,000ft; %wtr increasing; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2; WHP=50psig, Pres=depleting, k.h=10000mdft, rw=8.5, Wellbore Skin=5
THE OIL RATE

Pressure Depletion & %Water Increase
Was 6,500 bopd, now 1500 bopd
What can we do to stop

oil rate falling ?
IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Oil rate can be increased by:
Shifting reservoir inflow up
Shifting tubing outflow curve down
reservoir pressure - Pres
pressure
Tubing outflow
Reservoir inflow)
surface pressure - WHP
oil rate
How Do You Do That Then ?

Shifting Reservoir Inflow Curve Up - How To
Q= f
Increase:
Decrease:
Kh,
Decrease
Fracture,
Horizontal
Well
Increase
K h P rw
S
Heat-Up
rw
S
Increase
Reservoir
Pressure
Re-Perf.,
Acidise,
Fracture,
Dissolve
Drill
Bigger
Hole

Shifting Tubing Outflow Curve Down - How To
Q= f
1
Reduce: Fluid Weight, Friction Losses, Wellhead Pressure
Isolate Wtr
Prodn or
Add gas
via gas lift
(aka artificial lift)
Bigger
Tubing
Lower
Separator
Pressure

Shifting Reservoir Inflow Curve Up

6000
P res
%Water
VLP Curve
5000
4000 psig
4000
Pressure (psig)
5000 psig
3000 psig
Variables
1
2
0=3000.0
1=4000.0
2=5000.0
IPR Curve
100%
50%
Increase:
3
Decrease:
Kh,
rw
S
0%
0
1
2
Fracture, Heat-Up
Horizontal
Well
3000
Increase
Reservoir
Pressure
Re-Perf.,
Acidise,
Fracture,
Dissolve
Drill
Bigger
Hole
2000
Actions: (1) N/A
1000
1
0
0
5000
0 15000
10000
First Node Pressure

(psig) 50.0
(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
No Action:
Rate = 3000bfpd
Well Will Die Soon
Later
Re-perf
4000 bfpd
20000

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole
N/A
IPR PI Entry
Res Temp 200.0
Res Pres 3000.0
(degrees F)
(psig)
N/A

Shifting Tubing Outflow Curve Down

6000
P res
%Water
VLP Curve
5000
4000 psig
4000
Pressure (psig)
5000 psig
3000 psig
Variables
1
2
0=3000.0
1=4000.0
2=5000.0
IPR Curve
Reduce:
Fluid Weight, Friction Losses, Wellhead Pressure
3
100%
50%
0%
Isolate Wtr
Prodn,
Add gas
via gas lift
0
1
2
3000
50% +
G/L
Actions: (2) Add G/L
2000
7500 bfpd
2
1000
1
0
0
5000
0 15000
10000
20000

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole
First Node Pressure

(psig) 50.0
(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
No Further Action:
Rate = 4000bfpd
Well Will Still Die Soon
IPR PI Entry
Res Temp 200.0
Res Pres 3000.0
(degrees F)
(psig)
Bigger
Tubing
Lower
Separator
Pressure
N/A
N/A


6000
P res
%Water Increase:
3
Decrease:
100%
50%
VLP Curve
5000
4000 psig
4000
Pressure (psig)
5000 psig
3000 psig
Variables
1
2
0=3000.0
1=4000.0
2=5000.0
IPR Curve
Kh,
rw
S
0%
0
1
2
3000
Fracture, Heat-Up
Horizontal
Well
50% +
G/L
Increase
Reservoir
Pressure
Re-Perf.,
Acidise,
Fracture,
Dissolve
Drill
Bigger
Hole
Wtr Injector
N/A
N/A
2000
Actions: (3) N/A
N/A
1000
10000 bfpd
1
0
0
5000
0 15000
10000
20000

Fluid Oil
Flow Tubing
Type Producer
Lift None
Comp Cased Hole
First Node Pressure

(psig) 50.0
(feet)
10000.0
(feet)
10000.0
No Further Action:
Rate = 7500bfpd
Well Will Still Die, But Later
IPR PI Entry
Res Temp 200.0
Res Pres 3000.0
(degrees F)
(psig)
Actions to improve well performance

have almost returned oil rate to initial condition
SUMMARY
Basic Well Configuration
Reservoir Inflow Performance
Tubing Outflow Performance
Improving Well Performance
Q= f
Q =f
K h P rw
S
1

Shifting Tubing Outflow Curve Down

Documents - Tips Well Performance and Artifical Lift Rev 3 55845f091c905

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Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

INTRODUCTION TO

WHY BOTHER WITH WELL PERFORMANCE ?

INTRODUCTION TO WELL PERFORMANCE

BASIC WELL CONFIGURATION

Inflow Performance Principle:

As pressure drop increases rate increases!

Can we model this principle?

Flow Rate (Q) varies with:

- Inflow Pressure Drop?

Flow Rate (Q) varies with:

- Inflow Pressure Drop?

Tubing Performance Principle:

Well Head pressure

As rate increases pressure loss increases!

Flow Rate (Q) varies with:

Flow Rate (Q) varies with:

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

Bottom Measured Depth

Tubing Length=10,000ft; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2OD;WHP=50psig

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

Bottom Measured Depth

Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; WHP=50psig

Well Head Pressure

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

Bottom Measured Depth

Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2

THE OIL RATE

reservoir pressure - Pres

from tubing outflow

from reservoir inflow

THE OIL RATE

Inflow v Outflow Curves ( 20 Nov 01 17:04)

First Node Pressure

THE OIL RATE

Inflow v Outflow Curves ( 20 Nov 01 17:04)

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

First Node Pressure

THE OIL RATE

Pressure Depletion & %Water Increase

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

First Node Pressure

THE OIL RATE

What can we do to stop

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Reduce: Fluid Weight, Friction Losses, Wellhead Pressure

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Inflow v Outflow Curves ( 20 Nov 01 17:04)

Actions: (1) N/A

First Node Pressure

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Inflow v Outflow Curves ( 20 Nov 01 17:04)

Actions: (2) Add G/L

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

First Node Pressure

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Inflow v Outflow Curves ( 20 Nov 01 17:04)

Actions: (3) N/A

Liquid Rate (STB/day)

First Node Pressure

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE