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RC Timer Basics
RC TIMER MODES OF
OPERATION:
1. Monostable mode
2. Astable mode
Capacitor
A capacitor is an electrical component that
can temporarily store a charge (voltage).
The rate that the capacitor
charges/discharges is a function of the
capacitors value and its resistance.
To understand how the capacitor is used in
the 555 Timer oscillator circuit, you must
understand the basic charge and
discharge cycles of the capacitor.
3
Capacitor Charge
Cycle
Capacitor is initially
discharged.
Switch is moved to position
A.
Capacitor will charge to +12
v.
Capacitor will charge
through the 2 K resistor.
VC VFinal VInitial 1 - e
-t/RC
Initial
Where :
VC The voltage across the capacitor
VFinal The voltage across the capacitor that is fully charged
VInitial Any initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to charge
4
Capacitor Discharge
Cycle
Capacitor is initially
charged.
Switch is moved to position
B.
Capacitor will discharge to
+0 v.
Capacitor will discharge
through the 3 K resistor.
VC VInitial VFinal e
Where :
VC The voltage across the capacitor
VFinal The voltage across the capacitor that is fully discharged
VInitial Any initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to discharge
5
12 v
5V
VC
20 mSec
Time
0v
Switch is moved to
position A. The
capacitor charges
through the 2K
resistor.
Two Comparator
A set/reset (SR) Flip-Flop
Comparators
MONOSTABLE RC
TIMER
or ONE-SHOT
T = 1.1RC
T = 1.1RC
ASTABLE RC
TIMER
26
Vcc (8)
COMP2
Flip-Flop
RESET
SET
T1
Output (3)
COMP1
Ground (1)
Reset (4)
27
Comparator
The comparator is an operational
amplifier (op-amp) configuration.
The comparator compares 2 analog
voltages and provides a digital output.
+
If V+ > V-, the output is a digital 1
555.28
The Comparators
provide digital logic to
an SR Latch
Pin 6: Threshold
connection (high
Comparator)
Pin 5: Control
connection, used
with filter cap.
Pin 1: Gnd
connection
Pin 2: Trigger
connection (low
Comparator)
555.30
RA
Discharge
RB
N/C
3.333 V
Output
1.666 V
Threshold /
Trigger
C
Ground
N/C
33
RA
Discharge
N/C
RB
Output
Threshold /
Trigger
C
Ground
N/C
34
Vc
1.666 v
0v
tHIGH
HIGH
Output
HIGH
0.693 R A RB C
LOW
35
Vc
1.666 v
0v
Output
LOW
tLOW
0.693R BC
HIGH
LOW
36
Duty Cycle:
t HIGH 0.693 R A RB C
DC
t HIGH
100%
T
DC
0.693 R A RB C
100%
0.693 R A 2RB C
DC
R
R
RB
100%
2RB
Frequency:
F
F
1
T
1
0.693 R A 2RB C
37
38
R A 390
RB 180
C 6.8 F
Period:
T 0.693 R A 2RB C
1
F
T
1
F
3.534 mSec
F 282.941 Hz
Duty Cycle:
R R 100%
R 2R
390 180 100%
DC
390 2 180
DC
DC 76%
39
40
Duty Cycle:
1
1
400 Sec
f 2.5 kHz
T 0.693 R A 2RB C 400 Sec
T
400 Sec
1228.09
0.693 0.47 f
R A 2 RB 1228.09
DC
R
R
R
R
RB
100% 60%
2RB
RB
0 .6
2RB
R A RB 0.6 R A 2RB
R A R B 0. 6 R A 1 . 2 R B
0 .4 R A 0 . 2 R B
R A 0 .5 R B
41
Duty Cycle:
R A 2 RB 1228.09
R A 0 .5 R B
R A 2 RB 1228.09
0.5 RB 2 RB 1228.09
2.5 RB 1228.09
RB 491.23
Substitute and Solve for RA
R A 2 RB 1228.09
R A 2 491.23 1228.09
R A 982.472 1228.09
R A 245.618
42
VInitial 1 - e RC VInitial
VC VFinal
RC
2
1
1
e
31 VCC
3
3
CC
CC
CC
t
2
1
3 VCC 3 VCC
RC
1
e
2
V
3
CC
t
2
3
2
3
1 - e RC
1
2
1 - e RC
1
2
21 e
t
RC
1
ln 2 ln e RC
t
0.693
RC
t HIGH 0.693 R C
t
t HIGH 0.693 R A RB C
43
VFinal e RC
RC
1
2
3
3
CC
CC
RC
1
2
e
3
3
CC
CC
t
1
3 VCC
RC
2
V
3
CC
t
e RC
1
2
1
ln 2 ln e RC
t
0.693
RC
t LOW 0.693 R
t
e RC
1
2
44
Animated Slides
The following slides contain
animations to demonstrate the
operations of:
555 as an astable: charge cycle
555 as an astable: discharge
cycle
555.47
+ <> -
0
1
10
01
- <> +
10
Vc
Capacitor
Ra and Rb
Latch
in aCharges
set
statevia
Q
is
low;
Q
output
is
high
Capacitor
continues
to
charge
Lower
comparator
provides
low.
Upper
comparator
+
input
islogic
greater
Latch
receives
a reset
state
Q
is
high;
Q
output
is
low
Transistor
is
on
and
a
connection
to
Capacitor
to discharge
Latch
in hold
state.
than
2/3
Vccbegins
reference
ground is made.
Animated charge cycle
555.48
- >< +
1
0
01
10
+ <> -
10
Vc
Capacitor
is discharging.
Q output
is
Upper
comparator
++voltage
less
than
Latch
in
a
hold
state.
Lower
comparator
voltage
is
Latch
is set.
Q is low.
low.
Q
output
isishigh.
reference
voltage.
Transistor
Capacitor begins to
greater than off.
voltage.
charge.
Animated discharge cycle
555.49
Design Exercises
1. Using a 555 timer, design an
oscillator with an output of 6Hz with
a duty cycle of 60%. Use a 100F
capacitor.
555.50
RA
Discharge
N/C
RB
Output
Threshold /
Trigger
C
Ground
N/C
52