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DIFFERENTIAL
ANALYSIS
PROVIDES
DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF A FLOW FIELD
Flow domain
Control
volume
Flow
out
Flow
out
Flow
in
Flow in
Flow
out
Flow
out
ur
F
Control volume
analysis
Interior of the CV is
BLACK BOX
VERY
ur
F
Differential analysis
All the details of the
flow are solved at
every point within the
flow domain
3
Element at t0+t
=
General
motion
Translation
+
Linear
deformation
+
Rotation
Angular
deformation
TRANSLATION
O
v
O
vt
ut
LINEAR DEFORMATION
u
u
x
C
x
B u
y
u
u
O
u
x
x
u
x x t
x y z t
x
x
the gradient
1 d V
Lim
V dt
t 0
t
x
x
7
v
w
&
If the velocity gradients
y
z
present
are also
1 d V
u
v
w
V dt
x
y
z
This rate of change of volume per unit volume is
called the VOLUMETRIC DILATION RATE
Volume of the fluid may change as the element
moves from one location to another in the flow
field
Incompressible fluid volumetric dilation rate =
zero
Change in volume element = zero; fluid density =
constant
8
u v
w
,
&
x y
z
Linear deformation of the element does not
change the shape of the element
Cross derivates cause the element to ROTATE
and undergo ANGULAR DEFORMATION
u v
,
y x
Angular deformation of the element changes the
shape of the element
9
u
y
y
y t
y
v
v
v x
x
u
O
v
x x t
oA
Lim
t 0 t
Tan
v x
x t v t
x
x
oA Lim
t 0
t
x
t
v
x
- positive oA
counterclockwise
oB Lim
t 0 t
Tan
yt
t
y
u
oB Lim
t
y
t 0
- positive oB - clockwise
11
2 x
2 y z
2 z
x
x i y j z k
12
1
1
curl V V
2
2
Vorticity is defined as the vector that is twice the
rotation vector
2 V
u v
In addition to rotation associated with
derivatives
&
y
= +
is positive if the original right angle is decreasing
Rate of Shearing Strain or Rate of Angular
v
u t
Deformation
y
u v
Lim
Lim
t
y
x
t 0 t
t 0
14
u v
y x
Rate of angular deformation is related to a
corresponding shearing stress which causes the
fluid element to change in shape
u
v
15
Volume = V2=
V1
Time = Incompressible
t2
flow field
Time =
t1
Volume = V1
(a
)
Time =
t1
Volume = V1
Time =
t2
(b
Volume = V2
16
Dt
cv
bdV
bV ndA
x1
z1
cs
dV V ndA 0
t cv
cs
y1
y
dz
dx
dy
Time rate of
change of the
mass of the
coincident
system
Time rate of
change of the
mass of the
contents of the
coincident
control volume
xyz
dV
t cv
t
17
n
dA
v
v x z
x y z
y
cs
w
w x y
x y z
z
u y z
y
K
i z
w x y
j x
u
u y z
x y z
x
v x z
18
dV V ndA 0
t cv
cs
xyz u y z v x z w x y u y z
t
u
v
w
x y z v x z
x y z w x y
x y z 0
x
y
z
u
v
w
xyz
x y z
x y z
x y z 0
t
x
y
z
u v w
0
t
x
y
z
19
u
v
w
0
t
x
z
y
w
u
0
t
x
x
y
y
z
z
u v w
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
x y z
D
.V 0
Dt
20
u x2 y2 z2
v xy yz z
w ?
u v w
0
x y z
w
2x x z
0
z
w
3x z
z
2
z
w 3 xz C
2
z2
w 3 xz f x , y
2
21
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
RATE AT
+ WHICH xMOMENTU
M LEAVES
u
xyz
VdV
t cv
t
SUM OF
THE XCOMP
FORCES
APPLIED
TO FLUID
IN CV
SURFACE FORCES
BODY FORCES
NORMAL STRESSES
GRAVITY FORCES
SHEAR STRESSES
CORIOLIS FORCES
PRESSURE
22 FORCES
CENTRIFUGAL
VV ndA
cs
u v y z
uv
x y z
y
u w x y
u u y z
u 2
u u y z
x y z
x
y
K
i z
j x
uw
u w x y
x y z u v x z
z
23
u
xyz u u y z u v x z u w x y
t
u 2
uv
u u y z
xy z u v x z
xy z
x
y
uw
u w y z
xy z LHS
z
u u 2 uv uw
LHS
t
x
y
z
xy z
u v w
u u
u
u
u
u v w
x
y
y
x
y
z
t
t
Du
LHS
Dt xy z
24
LHS
xy z
yy
xx
xz
xy
yz
yx
xy
xz
xx
P xx yx zx
RHS
g x
x
x
y
z
x y z
yx x z
xy z
xx y z
xx y z
y
K
P y z
yx
i z
j x
P yz
xx
x y z
x
P
x y z
x
yx x z
Du
P xx yx zx
g x CAUCHYS
Dt
x
x
y
z
27
EQN
xx
u
2
x
u v
xy
y x
u w
xz
Du
P
u
u v
u w
Dt
x x
x
y y x
z z x
g x
2u 2 u 2 u
Du
P
2 2 2 g x
Dt
x
y
z
x
2
2
2
Du
P
u u u
2 2 2 g x
Dt
x
y
z
x
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
2 2 2 g y
Dt
y
y
z
x
28
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
2 2 2 g x
Dt
x
y
z
x
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
2 2 2 g y
Dt
y
y
z
x
2w 2w 2w
Dw
P
2 g z
2
2
Dt
z
y
z
x
29
DV
P V g
Dt
DV
P g
Dt
EULERS
EQN
30
u
u
u
u
p
u v w
g
x
y
z
x
t
u
p
z
Along a stream line
u
g
s
s
s
u
p
z
u ds ds g ds
s
s
s
s
gsin
udu dp gdz
u2
P gz C
2
2
p u
gz C
2
31
g
z
Continuity
equation
Xmomentum
Ymomentum
Zmomentum
D
.V 0
Dt
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
2 2 2 g x
Dt
x
y
z
x
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
2 2 2 g y
Dt
y
y
z
x
2w 2w 2w
Dw
P
2 g z
2
2
Dt
z
y
z
x
32
33
34
The relations between stress components
and rates of
strain components must be invariant to a coordinate
xx A1 xx B1 yy C1 xy D1
(1)
yy A2 xx B2 yy C 2 xy D2
xy A3 xx B3 yy C 3 xy D3
yy A2 xx B2 yy C 2 xy D2
xy A3 xx B3 yy C 3 xy D3
35
(2)
x
Y1
Y2
xy
x' x'
x' y'
xx
xy
xx
X2
X1
xy
yy
D xy
yy
xx yy xx yy
xx
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
xx yy xx yy
yy
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
xx yy
xy
sin 2 xy cos 2 36
2
(3)
xx A1 xx B1 yy C1 xy D1
yy A2 xx B2 yy C 2 xy D2
(1)
xy A3 xx B3 yy C 3 xy D3
xx yy xx yy
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
xx yy xx yy
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
xx yy
sin 2 xy cos 2
2
xx
yy
xy
xx
A1 xx B1 yy C1 xy D1 A2 xx B2 yy C 2 xy D2
(3)
A1 xx B1 yy C1 xy D1 A2 xx B2 yy C 2 xy D2
2
A3 xx B3 yy C 3 xy D3 sin 2
A1
1 cos 2 A2 1 cos 2 A3 sin 2 yy B1 1 cos 2 B2 1 cos 2 B3 sin 2
2
2
2
xx xx
C1
1 cos 2 C 2 1 cos 2 C 3 sin 2 D1 1 cos 2 D2 37
1 cos 2 D3 sin 2
2
2
2
2
xy
cos 2
A1
1 cos 2 A2 1 cos 2 A3 sin 2 yy B1 1 cos 2 B2 1 cos 2 B3 sin 2
2
2
2
xx xx
C
D
C
D
(4)
We know that
xx yy xx yy
xx
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
xx yy xx yy
yy
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
xy
xx yy
xy
sin 2
cos 2
2
2
2
(5)
xx xx
B
A1
xy
38
(6)
xx xx
C1
1 cos 2 C 2 1 cos 2 C 3 sin 2 D1 1 cos 2 D2 1 cos 2 D3 sin 2
2
2
2
2
xy
(4)
A1
1 cos 2 B1 1 cos 2 C1 sin 2 yy A1 1 cos 2 B1 1 cos 2 C1 sin 2
2
2
2
xx xx
B
A1
(6)
xy
A1 B2 A
B1 A2 B
C1 A3 B3 C 2 C
D1 D2 D
A1 A2 A B
C3
2
2
D3 0
39
yy B xx A yy C xy D
(7)
A B
xy C xx yy
xy
2
Now let us consider the new coordinate system (x1,
y1) which is related to the original coordinate
system (x, y) by
x1 x and y1 y
Thus, the new coordinate system is a mirror
reflection of the original system with respect to the
y-axis.
With reference to the new coordinate
system, the velocity components are
u1 u
and v1 v
40
x1 y1
x1 x1
u1 u
xx
x1 x
y1 y1
v1 v
yy
y1 y
(8)
v u
v1 u1
xy
x1 y1
x1 x1 xx
y1 y1 yy
(9)
x1 y1 xy
Equations (8) and (9) into equation (7)
41
x1 x1 A x1 x1 B y1 y1 C x1 y1 D
y1 y1 B x1 x1 A y1 y 1 C x1 y 1 D
x1 y1 C x1 x 1 y1 y1
(10)
A B
x1 y1
2
xx A xx B yy C xy D
yy B xx A yy C xy D
xy C xx yy
A B
xy
2
(7)
D p
A B
xx
u v
2 xx B
p
x y
yy
u v
2 yy B
p
x y
xy xy 2 xy
2
B
3
The relations between stress and rate of strain can be
extended to three dimensional flows. They are
43
xx
u v w
p
2 xx B
x y z
yy
u v w
p
2 yy B
x y z
u v w
p
zz 2 zz B
x y z
xy xy 2 xy yx
yz yz 2 yz zy
zx zx 2 zx xz
The sum of the three normal stresses is
xx yy zz 3 p 2 3 B .q
an incompressible fluid, .q 0
u v w
.q
x y z
44
u v w
.q
xx yy zz 3 p 2 3 B .q
x y z
an incompressible fluid, .q 0
xx yy zz
p
3
45