Some examples of Acid and Base

What of these adjectives can be linked

to an acid or to a base?
cleaning

caustic
corrosive

fuming

sour
soapy

dangerous
harmful

toxic

slippery

edible
bitter

Strong and Weak

bases
Strong Bases
Hydroxides of alkali metals
NaOH
KOH
CsOH
Hydroxides of alkali earth
Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2

Common Weak
Bases
ammonia
NH3
trimethyl ammonia
N(CH3)3
pyridine
C5 H 5 N
ammonium hydroxide
NH4OH
water
H2 O
HS- ion
HS-

Some strong Acid and weak Acid

Strong acids
Hydrogen halides
HCl
HBr

HI

Oxyacids of halogens
HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3
HClO4 HBrO4 HIO4
Other oxyacids
H2SO4 HNO3

Common Weak Acids

Formic acid
HCOOH
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
Trichloroacetic acid
CCl3COOH
Hydrofluoric HF
Hydrocyanic
HCN
Hydrogen sulfide
H2 S

Acid Base Reactions

A reaction between an
acid and a base is
called neutralization.
An acid-base mixture
is not as acidic or
basic as the individual
starting solutions.

What happens when a

light colored cloth with
a turmeric stain is
washed?

The stain turns reddishbrown when soap is scrubbed

on it.
Why does the color change?
Soap is basic in nature and
this changes the color of the
turmeric stain. It turns yellow
again when the cloth is
washed with plenty of water.

Concentration of
solution

Concentration is just like sweetness of

a solution.
Imagine: A sugar solution contains
10.0g of sugar per dm3 of solution and
another contains 2.0g sugar per dm 3 of
solution.
The more concentrated one will be
sweeter.
Can you identify the sweeter?

Definition of terms
Standard solution is a chemical term
which describes a solution of known
concentration.
Concentration
1. Mass conc ( conc. In gdm-3 ) :Mass
(in grams) of a substance dissolved in
1dm-3 of solution.

*Mathematically,

Mass(
g)
Vol(d
m3)

Definition of terms
2.Molar Conc (conc in moldm-3 ):
amount of substance (in moles)
present in 1dm3 of solution.
*Mathematically,

Molar conc =

Amount, n (mol)
Volume, V(dm3)

Note: Molar conc a.k.a MOLARITY (M)

Volumetric apparatus
Conical flask

Pipette
Burette
beaker

What is the molar conc. of a solution containing 1.12g of

potassium hydroxide in 250cm3 of solution? [KOH = 56]
Hint: Molar conc. Means Conc. in mole per dm3
Get your answer in gdm-3 and convert it to moldm-3
Then youve solved the problem

Now lets do it
Using formular
Molar conc = amnt (mol)
Vol(dm3)
Mole = mass/Mm
= 1.12/56 = 0.020mol
Vol (dm3) = 250/1000
= 0.250dm3
Molar conc. = 0.020
0.250
= 0.080 mol/dm3

Calculate the vol. of a 12.0moldm-3 HCl that should be diluted with distilled
water to obtain 1.0dm3 of a 0.05moldm-3 HCl.
Solve.
C1 = 12moldm-3, V1 = ?
C2 = 0.05moldm-3 , V2 = 1.0dm3
Try this !

Example
1. 20cm3 of tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid was neutralized with 25cm 3 of
0.1mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution. The equation of reaction is
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Calculate (i) conc. of acid in moldm -3 (ii) mass conc. of the acid.
[H=1, S= 32, O=16]

Exercise
If 18.50cm3 hydrochloric acid were neutralized by 25 cm 3 of
potassium hydroxide solution containing 7gdm -3. What is
the conc. of the acid in mol dm -3?
The equation of reaction:
HCl + KOH HCl + H2O
[K = 39, O = 16, H = 1]

Ostwald s Theory
General

Many indicators are weak acids and partially dissociate in aqueous solution
HIn(aq)

H+(aq) + In(aq)

The un-ionised form (HIn) is a different colour to the anionic form (In).
In acid - increase of [H+]
- equilibrium moves to the left to give red undissociated form
In alkali - increase of [OH]
- OH ions remove H+ ions to form water;

H+(aq) + OH(aq)

- equilibrium will move to the right to produce a blue colour

Summary

In acidic solution

HIn(aq)

H+(aq) + In(aq)
In alkaline solution

H2O(l)

Quinonoid theory

Exist in Tautomerics Form

The change in pH converts one tautomeric form into other

and thus, the colour change occurs.

Benzenoid form(colorless)

Application of Titration
curve

Such curves are useful

for determining
endpoints and
dissociation constants
of weak acids or
bases.

HPr = Propionic Acid

Titrating sodium carbonate with

Hydrochloric Acid

Application of Titration
curve
Such curves are useful for
determining endpoints and
dissociation constants of
weak acids or bases.